Krause, Paul C,
Analysis of electric machinery and drive systems / Paul Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, Scott Sudhoff, Steven Pekarek. - 1 PDF (663 pages) : illustrations. - IEEE Press series on power engineering ; 75 . - IEEE Press series on power engineering ; 75 .
"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers."
Includes bibliographical references.
Preface xiii -- 1 THEORY OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 1 -- 1.1. Introduction 1 -- 1.2. Magnetically Coupled Circuits 1 -- 1.3. Electromechanical Energy Conversion 12 -- 1.4. Elementary ac Machines 35 -- 2 DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS IN AC MACHINERY 53 -- 2.1. Introduction 53 -- 2.2. Describing Distributed Windings 54 -- 2.3. Winding Functions 64 -- 2.4. Air-Gap Magnetomotive Force 67 -- 2.5. Rotating MMF 71 -- 2.6. Flux Linkage and Inductance 73 -- 2.7. Resistance 76 -- 2.8. Voltage and Flux Linkage Equations for Distributed Winding Machines 77 -- 3 REFERENCE-FRAME THEORY 86 -- 3.1. Introduction 86 -- 3.2. Background 87 -- 3.3. Equations of Transformation: Change of Variables 88 -- 3.4. Stationary Circuit Variables Transformed to the Arbitrary Reference Frame 90 -- 3.5. Commonly Used Reference Frames 97 -- 3.6. Transformation of a Balanced Set 98 -- 3.7. Balanced Steady-State Phasor Relationships 99 -- 3.8. Balanced Steady-State Voltage Equations 102 -- 3.9. Variables Observed from Several Frames of Reference 105 -- 3.10. Transformation Between Reference Frames 110 -- 3.11. Specialty Transformations 111 -- 3.12. Space-Phasor Notation 113 -- 4 PERMANENT-MAGNET AC MACHINES 121 -- 4.1. Introduction 121 -- 4.2. Voltage and Torque Equations in Machine Variables 122 -- 4.3. Voltage and Torque Equations in Rotor Reference-Frame Variables 125 -- 4.4. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 127 -- 4.5. Brushless dc Motor 129 -- 4.6. Phase Shifting of Applied Voltages of a Permanent-Magnet ac Machine 134 -- 4.7. Control of Stator Currents 138 -- 5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 142 -- 5.1. Introduction 142 -- 5.2. Voltage Equations in Machine Variables 143 -- 5.3. Torque Equation in Machine Variables 149 -- 5.4. Stator Voltage Equations in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 149 -- 5.5. Voltage Equations in Rotor Reference-Frame Variables 151 -- 5.6. Torque Equations in Substitute Variables 157 -- 5.7. Rotor Angle and Angle Between Rotors 158 -- 5.8. Per Unit System 159 -- 5.9. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 160. 5.10. Stator Currents Positive Out of Machine: Synchronous Generator Operation 171 -- 5.11. Computer Simulation 201 -- 6 SYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MACHINES 215 -- 6.1. Introduction 215 -- 6.2. Voltage Equations in Machine Variables 216 -- 6.3. Torque Equation in Machine Variables 220 -- 6.4. Equations of Transformation for Rotor Circuits 222 -- 6.5. Voltage Equations in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 224 -- 6.6. Torque Equation in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 229 -- 6.7. Commonly Used Reference Frames 232 -- 6.8. Per Unit System 233 -- 6.9. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 235 -- 6.10. Free Acceleration Characteristics 244 -- 6.11. Free Acceleration Characteristics Viewed from Various Reference Frames 251 -- 6.12. Dynamic Performance During Sudden Changes in Load Torque 257 -- 6.13. Dynamic Performance During a Three-Phase Fault at the Machine Terminals 260 -- 6.14. Computer Simulation in the Arbitrary Reference Frame 261 -- 7 MACHINE EQUATIONS IN OPERATIONAL IMPEDANCES AND TIME CONSTANTS 271 -- 7.1. Introduction 271 -- 7.2. Park's Equations in Operational Form 272 -- 7.3. Operational Impedances and G( p) for a Synchronous Machine with Four Rotor Windings 273 -- 7.4. Standard Synchronous Machine Reactances 276 -- 7.5. Standard Synchronous Machine Time Constants 278 -- 7.6. Derived Synchronous Machine Time Constants 278 -- 7.7. Parameters from Short-Circuit Characteristics 283 -- 7.8. Parameters from Frequency-Response Characteristics 290 -- 8 ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF MACHINE EQUATIONS 299 -- 8.1. Introduction 299 -- 8.2. Machine Equations to Be Linearized 300 -- 8.3. Linearization of Machine Equations 302 -- 8.4. Small-Displacement Stability: Eigenvalues 308 -- 8.5. Eigenvalues of Typical Induction Machines 309 -- 8.6. Eigenvalues of Typical Synchronous Machines 312 -- 8.7. Neglecting Electric Transients of Stator Voltage Equations 313 -- 8.8. Induction Machine Performance Predicted with Stator Electric Transients Neglected 318 -- 8.9. Synchronous Machine Performance Predicted with Stator Electric Transients Neglected 322. 8.10. Detailed Voltage Behind Reactance Model 325 -- 8.11. Reduced Order Voltage Behind Reactance Model 332 -- 9 UNBALANCED OPERATION AND SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 336 -- 9.1. Introduction 336 -- 9.2. Symmetrical Component Theory 337 -- 9.3. Symmetrical Component Analysis of Induction Machines 338 -- 9.4. Unbalanced Stator Conditions of Induction Machines: Reference-Frame Analysis 339 -- 9.5. Typical Unbalanced Stator Conditions of Induction Machines 346 -- 9.6. Unbalanced Rotor Conditions of Induction Machines 351 -- 9.7. Unbalanced Rotor Resistors 354 -- 9.8. Single-Phase Induction Machines 358 -- 9.9. Asynchronous and Unbalanced Operation of Synchronous Machines 368 -- 10 DC MACHINES AND DRIVES 377 -- 10.1. Introduction 377 -- 10.2. Elementary dc Machine 377 -- 10.3. Voltage and Torque Equations 384 -- 10.4. Basic Types of dc Machines 386 -- 10.5. Time-Domain Block Diagrams and State Equations 394 -- 10.6. Solid-State Converters for dc Drive Systems 398 -- 10.7. One-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 400 -- 10.8. Two-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 418 -- 10.9. Four-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 421 -- 10.10. Machine Control with Voltage-Controlled dc/dc Converter 423 -- 10.11. Machine Control with Current-Controlled dc/dc Converter 426 -- 11 SEMI-CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTERS 434 -- 11.1. Introduction 434 -- 11.2. Single-Phase Load Commutated Converter 434 -- 11.3. Three-Phase Load Commutated Converter 445 -- 11.4. Conclusions and Extensions 456 -- 12 FULLY CONTROLLED THREE-PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTERS 460 -- 12.1. Introduction 460 -- 12.2. The Three-Phase Bridge Converter 460 -- 12.3. Six-Step Operation 466 -- 12.4. Six-Step Modulation 474 -- 12.5. Sine-Triangle Modulation 477 -- 12.6. Extended Sine-Triangle Modulation 483 -- 12.7. Space-Vector Modulation 485 -- 12.8. Hysteresis Modulation 489 -- 12.9. Delta Modulation 492 -- 12.10. Open-Loop Voltage and Current Regulation 493 -- 12.11. Closed-Loop Voltage and Current Regulation 495 -- 13 INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES 503. 13.1. Introduction 503 -- 13.2. Volts-per-Hertz Control 504 -- 13.3. Constant Slip Current Control 510 -- 13.4. Field-Oriented Control 517 -- 13.5. Direct Field-Oriented Control 521 -- 13.6. Robust Direct Field-Oriented Control 523 -- 13.7. Indirect Rotor Field-Oriented Control 528 -- 13.8. Direct Torque Control 532 -- 13.9. Slip Energy Recovery Drives 535 -- 13.10. Conclusions 538 -- 14 PERMANENT-MAGNET AC MOTOR DRIVES 541 -- 14.1. Introduction 541 -- 14.2. Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 542 -- 14.3. Equivalence of Voltage-Source Inverters to an Idealized Source 543 -- 14.4. Average-Value Analysis of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 552 -- 14.5. Steady-State Performance of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 555 -- 14.6. Transient and Dynamic Performance of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 557 -- 14.7. Case Study: Voltage-Source Inverter-Based Speed Control 562 -- 14.8. Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 567 -- 14.9. Voltage Limitations of Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 571 -- 14.10. Current Command Synthesis 572 -- 14.11. Average-Value Modeling of Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 576 -- 14.12. Case Study: Current-Regulated Inverter-Based Speed Controller 578 -- 15 INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN OF ELECTRIC MACHINERY 583 -- 15.1. Introduction 583 -- 15.2. Machine Geometry 585 -- 15.3. Stator Windings 590 -- 15.4. Material Parameters 593 -- 15.5. Stator Currents and Control Philosophy 596 -- 15.6. Radial Field Analysis 597 -- 15.7. Lumped Parameters 602 -- 15.8. Ferromagnetic Field Analysis 603 -- 15.9. Formulation of Design Problem 609 -- 15.10. Case Study 614 -- 15.11. Extensions 618 -- Acknowledgments 619 -- References 620 -- Problems 621 -- Appendix A Trigonometric Relations, Constants and Conversion Factors, and Abbreviations 623 -- A.1. Basic Trigonometric Relations 623 -- A.2. Three-Phase Trigonometric Relations 624 -- A.3. Constants and Conversion Factors 624 -- A.4. Abbreviations 625 -- Appendix B Carter's Coeffi cient 626 -- Appendix C Leakage Inductance 629 -- References 635. Index 636.
Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.
Introducing a new edition of the popular reference on machine analysisNow in a fully revised and expanded edition, this widely used reference on machine analysis boasts many changes designed to address the varied needs of engineers in the electric machinery, electric drives, and electric power industries. The authors draw on their own extensive research efforts, bringing all topics up to date and outlining a variety of new approaches they have developed over the past decade.Focusing on reference frame theory that has been at the core of this work since the first edition, this volume goes a step further, introducing new material relevant to machine design along with numerous techniques for making the derivation of equations more direct and easy to use.Coverage includes:. Completely new chapters on winding functions and machine design that add a significant dimension not found in any other text. A new formulation of machine equations for improving analysis and modeling of machines coupled to power electronic circuits. Simplified techniques throughout, from the derivation of torque equations and synchronous machine analysis to the analysis of unbalanced operation. A unique generalized approach to machine parameters identificationA first-rate resource for engineers wishing to master cutting-edge techniques for machine analysis, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems is also a highly useful guide for students in the field.
Mode of access: World Wide Web
9781118524336
10.1002/9781118524336 doi
Electric machinery.
Electronic books.
TK2181 / .K73 2013eb
621.31/042
Analysis of electric machinery and drive systems / Paul Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, Scott Sudhoff, Steven Pekarek. - 1 PDF (663 pages) : illustrations. - IEEE Press series on power engineering ; 75 . - IEEE Press series on power engineering ; 75 .
"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers."
Includes bibliographical references.
Preface xiii -- 1 THEORY OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 1 -- 1.1. Introduction 1 -- 1.2. Magnetically Coupled Circuits 1 -- 1.3. Electromechanical Energy Conversion 12 -- 1.4. Elementary ac Machines 35 -- 2 DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS IN AC MACHINERY 53 -- 2.1. Introduction 53 -- 2.2. Describing Distributed Windings 54 -- 2.3. Winding Functions 64 -- 2.4. Air-Gap Magnetomotive Force 67 -- 2.5. Rotating MMF 71 -- 2.6. Flux Linkage and Inductance 73 -- 2.7. Resistance 76 -- 2.8. Voltage and Flux Linkage Equations for Distributed Winding Machines 77 -- 3 REFERENCE-FRAME THEORY 86 -- 3.1. Introduction 86 -- 3.2. Background 87 -- 3.3. Equations of Transformation: Change of Variables 88 -- 3.4. Stationary Circuit Variables Transformed to the Arbitrary Reference Frame 90 -- 3.5. Commonly Used Reference Frames 97 -- 3.6. Transformation of a Balanced Set 98 -- 3.7. Balanced Steady-State Phasor Relationships 99 -- 3.8. Balanced Steady-State Voltage Equations 102 -- 3.9. Variables Observed from Several Frames of Reference 105 -- 3.10. Transformation Between Reference Frames 110 -- 3.11. Specialty Transformations 111 -- 3.12. Space-Phasor Notation 113 -- 4 PERMANENT-MAGNET AC MACHINES 121 -- 4.1. Introduction 121 -- 4.2. Voltage and Torque Equations in Machine Variables 122 -- 4.3. Voltage and Torque Equations in Rotor Reference-Frame Variables 125 -- 4.4. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 127 -- 4.5. Brushless dc Motor 129 -- 4.6. Phase Shifting of Applied Voltages of a Permanent-Magnet ac Machine 134 -- 4.7. Control of Stator Currents 138 -- 5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 142 -- 5.1. Introduction 142 -- 5.2. Voltage Equations in Machine Variables 143 -- 5.3. Torque Equation in Machine Variables 149 -- 5.4. Stator Voltage Equations in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 149 -- 5.5. Voltage Equations in Rotor Reference-Frame Variables 151 -- 5.6. Torque Equations in Substitute Variables 157 -- 5.7. Rotor Angle and Angle Between Rotors 158 -- 5.8. Per Unit System 159 -- 5.9. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 160. 5.10. Stator Currents Positive Out of Machine: Synchronous Generator Operation 171 -- 5.11. Computer Simulation 201 -- 6 SYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MACHINES 215 -- 6.1. Introduction 215 -- 6.2. Voltage Equations in Machine Variables 216 -- 6.3. Torque Equation in Machine Variables 220 -- 6.4. Equations of Transformation for Rotor Circuits 222 -- 6.5. Voltage Equations in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 224 -- 6.6. Torque Equation in Arbitrary Reference-Frame Variables 229 -- 6.7. Commonly Used Reference Frames 232 -- 6.8. Per Unit System 233 -- 6.9. Analysis of Steady-State Operation 235 -- 6.10. Free Acceleration Characteristics 244 -- 6.11. Free Acceleration Characteristics Viewed from Various Reference Frames 251 -- 6.12. Dynamic Performance During Sudden Changes in Load Torque 257 -- 6.13. Dynamic Performance During a Three-Phase Fault at the Machine Terminals 260 -- 6.14. Computer Simulation in the Arbitrary Reference Frame 261 -- 7 MACHINE EQUATIONS IN OPERATIONAL IMPEDANCES AND TIME CONSTANTS 271 -- 7.1. Introduction 271 -- 7.2. Park's Equations in Operational Form 272 -- 7.3. Operational Impedances and G( p) for a Synchronous Machine with Four Rotor Windings 273 -- 7.4. Standard Synchronous Machine Reactances 276 -- 7.5. Standard Synchronous Machine Time Constants 278 -- 7.6. Derived Synchronous Machine Time Constants 278 -- 7.7. Parameters from Short-Circuit Characteristics 283 -- 7.8. Parameters from Frequency-Response Characteristics 290 -- 8 ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF MACHINE EQUATIONS 299 -- 8.1. Introduction 299 -- 8.2. Machine Equations to Be Linearized 300 -- 8.3. Linearization of Machine Equations 302 -- 8.4. Small-Displacement Stability: Eigenvalues 308 -- 8.5. Eigenvalues of Typical Induction Machines 309 -- 8.6. Eigenvalues of Typical Synchronous Machines 312 -- 8.7. Neglecting Electric Transients of Stator Voltage Equations 313 -- 8.8. Induction Machine Performance Predicted with Stator Electric Transients Neglected 318 -- 8.9. Synchronous Machine Performance Predicted with Stator Electric Transients Neglected 322. 8.10. Detailed Voltage Behind Reactance Model 325 -- 8.11. Reduced Order Voltage Behind Reactance Model 332 -- 9 UNBALANCED OPERATION AND SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 336 -- 9.1. Introduction 336 -- 9.2. Symmetrical Component Theory 337 -- 9.3. Symmetrical Component Analysis of Induction Machines 338 -- 9.4. Unbalanced Stator Conditions of Induction Machines: Reference-Frame Analysis 339 -- 9.5. Typical Unbalanced Stator Conditions of Induction Machines 346 -- 9.6. Unbalanced Rotor Conditions of Induction Machines 351 -- 9.7. Unbalanced Rotor Resistors 354 -- 9.8. Single-Phase Induction Machines 358 -- 9.9. Asynchronous and Unbalanced Operation of Synchronous Machines 368 -- 10 DC MACHINES AND DRIVES 377 -- 10.1. Introduction 377 -- 10.2. Elementary dc Machine 377 -- 10.3. Voltage and Torque Equations 384 -- 10.4. Basic Types of dc Machines 386 -- 10.5. Time-Domain Block Diagrams and State Equations 394 -- 10.6. Solid-State Converters for dc Drive Systems 398 -- 10.7. One-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 400 -- 10.8. Two-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 418 -- 10.9. Four-Quadrant dc/dc Converter Drive 421 -- 10.10. Machine Control with Voltage-Controlled dc/dc Converter 423 -- 10.11. Machine Control with Current-Controlled dc/dc Converter 426 -- 11 SEMI-CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTERS 434 -- 11.1. Introduction 434 -- 11.2. Single-Phase Load Commutated Converter 434 -- 11.3. Three-Phase Load Commutated Converter 445 -- 11.4. Conclusions and Extensions 456 -- 12 FULLY CONTROLLED THREE-PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTERS 460 -- 12.1. Introduction 460 -- 12.2. The Three-Phase Bridge Converter 460 -- 12.3. Six-Step Operation 466 -- 12.4. Six-Step Modulation 474 -- 12.5. Sine-Triangle Modulation 477 -- 12.6. Extended Sine-Triangle Modulation 483 -- 12.7. Space-Vector Modulation 485 -- 12.8. Hysteresis Modulation 489 -- 12.9. Delta Modulation 492 -- 12.10. Open-Loop Voltage and Current Regulation 493 -- 12.11. Closed-Loop Voltage and Current Regulation 495 -- 13 INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES 503. 13.1. Introduction 503 -- 13.2. Volts-per-Hertz Control 504 -- 13.3. Constant Slip Current Control 510 -- 13.4. Field-Oriented Control 517 -- 13.5. Direct Field-Oriented Control 521 -- 13.6. Robust Direct Field-Oriented Control 523 -- 13.7. Indirect Rotor Field-Oriented Control 528 -- 13.8. Direct Torque Control 532 -- 13.9. Slip Energy Recovery Drives 535 -- 13.10. Conclusions 538 -- 14 PERMANENT-MAGNET AC MOTOR DRIVES 541 -- 14.1. Introduction 541 -- 14.2. Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 542 -- 14.3. Equivalence of Voltage-Source Inverters to an Idealized Source 543 -- 14.4. Average-Value Analysis of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 552 -- 14.5. Steady-State Performance of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 555 -- 14.6. Transient and Dynamic Performance of Voltage-Source Inverter Drives 557 -- 14.7. Case Study: Voltage-Source Inverter-Based Speed Control 562 -- 14.8. Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 567 -- 14.9. Voltage Limitations of Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 571 -- 14.10. Current Command Synthesis 572 -- 14.11. Average-Value Modeling of Current-Regulated Inverter Drives 576 -- 14.12. Case Study: Current-Regulated Inverter-Based Speed Controller 578 -- 15 INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN OF ELECTRIC MACHINERY 583 -- 15.1. Introduction 583 -- 15.2. Machine Geometry 585 -- 15.3. Stator Windings 590 -- 15.4. Material Parameters 593 -- 15.5. Stator Currents and Control Philosophy 596 -- 15.6. Radial Field Analysis 597 -- 15.7. Lumped Parameters 602 -- 15.8. Ferromagnetic Field Analysis 603 -- 15.9. Formulation of Design Problem 609 -- 15.10. Case Study 614 -- 15.11. Extensions 618 -- Acknowledgments 619 -- References 620 -- Problems 621 -- Appendix A Trigonometric Relations, Constants and Conversion Factors, and Abbreviations 623 -- A.1. Basic Trigonometric Relations 623 -- A.2. Three-Phase Trigonometric Relations 624 -- A.3. Constants and Conversion Factors 624 -- A.4. Abbreviations 625 -- Appendix B Carter's Coeffi cient 626 -- Appendix C Leakage Inductance 629 -- References 635. Index 636.
Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.
Introducing a new edition of the popular reference on machine analysisNow in a fully revised and expanded edition, this widely used reference on machine analysis boasts many changes designed to address the varied needs of engineers in the electric machinery, electric drives, and electric power industries. The authors draw on their own extensive research efforts, bringing all topics up to date and outlining a variety of new approaches they have developed over the past decade.Focusing on reference frame theory that has been at the core of this work since the first edition, this volume goes a step further, introducing new material relevant to machine design along with numerous techniques for making the derivation of equations more direct and easy to use.Coverage includes:. Completely new chapters on winding functions and machine design that add a significant dimension not found in any other text. A new formulation of machine equations for improving analysis and modeling of machines coupled to power electronic circuits. Simplified techniques throughout, from the derivation of torque equations and synchronous machine analysis to the analysis of unbalanced operation. A unique generalized approach to machine parameters identificationA first-rate resource for engineers wishing to master cutting-edge techniques for machine analysis, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems is also a highly useful guide for students in the field.
Mode of access: World Wide Web
9781118524336
10.1002/9781118524336 doi
Electric machinery.
Electronic books.
TK2181 / .K73 2013eb
621.31/042