Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher.

Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; 1 Background; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature; 1.1 Petroleum; 1.2 Petroleum Composition; 1.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons; 1.2.2 Petroleum Non-Hydrocarbons; 1.2.2.1 Problems Generated by Asphaltenes; 1.3 Sulfur Compounds; 1.4 Sulfur in Petroleum Major Refinery Products; 1.4.1 Gasoline; 1.4.2 Kerosene; 1.4.3 Jet Fuel; 1.4.4 Diesel Fuel; 1.4.5 Heating/Fuel Oils; 1.4.6 Bunker Oil; 1.5 Sulfur Problem; 1.6 Legislative Regulations of Sulfur Levels in Fuels; References; 2 Desulfurization Technologies; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature

2.1 Introduction2.2 Hydrodesulfurization; 2.3 Oxidative Desulfurization; 2.4 Selective Adsorption; 2.5 Biocatalytic Desulfurization; 2.5.1 Anaerobic Process; 2.5.2 Aerobic Process; References; 3 Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Natural Gas Processing; 3.3 Desulfurization Processes; 3.3.1 Scavengers; 3.3.2 Adsorption; 3.3.3 Liquid Redox Processes; 3.3.4 Claus Plants; 3.3.4.1 Classic Claus Plant; 3.3.4.2 Split-Flow Claus Plant; 3.3.4.3 Oxygen Enrichment Claus Plant; 3.3.4.4 Claus Plant Tail Gas; 3.3.5 Absorption/Desorption Process

3.3.6 Biodesulfurization3.3.6.1 Photoautotrophic Bacteria; 3.3.6.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria; 3.3.6.3 Chemotrophic Bacteria; 3.3.7 Other Approaches Concerning the Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas; References; 4 Microbial Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions; 4.2.1 Hydrodenitrogenation; 4.2.2 Adsorptive Denitrogenation; 4.2.3 Extractive and Catalytic Oxidative Denitrogenation; 4.3 Microbial Attack of Nitrogen Polyaromatic Heterocyclic Compounds (NPAHs)

4.4 Enhancing Biodegradation of NPAHs by Magnetic Nanoparticles4.5 Challenges and Opportunities for BDN in Petroleum Industries; References; 5 Bioadsorptive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 ADS by Agroindustrial-Wastes Activated Carbon; 5.3 ADS on Modified Activated Carbon; 5.4 ADS on Carbon Aerogels; 5.5 ADS on Activated Carbon Fibers; 5.6 ADS on Natural Clay and Zeolites; 5.7 ADS on New Adsorbents Prepared from Different Biowastes; References; 6 Microbial Attack of Organosulfur Compounds; List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature

6.1 Introduction6.2 Biodegradation of Sulfur Compounds in the Environment; 6.3 Microbial Attack on Non-Heterocyclic Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons; 6.3.1 Alkyl and Aryl Sulfides; 6.3.2 Non -- Aromatic Cyclic Sulfur -- Containing Hydrocarbons; 6.4 Microbial Attack of Heterocyclic Sulfur -- Hydrocarbons; 6.4.1 Thiophenes; 6.4.2 Benzothiophenes and Alkyl-Substituted Benzothiophenes; 6.4.3 Naphthothiophenes; 6.4.4 Dibenzothiophene and Alkyl-Substituted Dibenzothiophenes; 6.4.4.1 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT; 6.4.4.2 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of Alkylated DBT