Previously issued in print: 2012.

<P><STRONG>Introduction <BR></STRONG>You and Me <BR>Mr. Watson, Come Here, I Want To See You <BR>The Technology of Telephone <BR>Telephone Exchanges <BR>Long Distance Communication <BR>The Need for Multiplexing <BR>The Techniques of Multiplexing <BR>Multiplexing Structure of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) <BR>Capacities of Various Analog (FDM) Multiplexing Systems <BR>Digital Multiplexing <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Advent of Digital Technology <BR></STRONG>Analog Communication Systems <BR>Problems in Analog Communication Systems <BR>What is Done about These Problems? <BR>The Digital Advantage <BR>The Digital Signal <BR>Processing of Digital Signal <BR>Channel Capacity in Digital Technology <BR>Advantages of Digital Technology <BR>Disadvantages of Digital Technology <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Analog to Digital Conversion and TDM Principles <BR></STRONG>Analog and Digital Signals <BR>Sampling Theorem <BR>(Analog) Pulse Modulation <BR>Digital Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) <BR>Other Digital Modulations <BR>Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converters <BR>Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Line Coding and Digital Modulation <BR></STRONG>Factors Affecting the Choice of Line Codes <BR>Types of Line Codes <BR>Digital Modulation Techniques <BR>Other Means of Improving the Timing Content <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Clock</STRONG> <BR>What is Clock <BR>Significance of Clock <BR>Clock Waveform <BR>Types of Clocks <BR>Clock Accuracies Required in Communication Systems <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Signal Impairments, Error Detection, and Correction <BR></STRONG>Types of Signal Impairments <BR>Attenuation <BR>Distortion <BR>Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) <BR>Jitter and Wander <BR>Eye Diagram <BR>Error Detection <BR>Error Correction <BR>Link Performance <BR>Required Link Performance <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Synchronization <BR></STRONG>Synchronization Process <BR>Synchronous versus Asynchronous Systems <BR>Synchronous Networks <BR>Plesiochronous networks <BR>Slips <BR>Elastic Store and Controlled Slips <BR>Line Synchronization vs Network Synchronization <BR>Types of Network Synchronization <BR>Pseudo-synchronization <BR>Synchronization Network Engineering <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) <BR></STRONG>PCM <BR>Higher order Multiplexing/Hierarchical Multiplexing <BR>E3 Multiplexing <BR>E4 multiplexing <BR>Higher Bit Rates <BR>Framing Stages and Tributary Data, Overhead and Payload Bits <BR>North American PDH Hierarchy <BR>Types of Line Codes used in PDH <BR>Synchronization in PDH <BR>Asynchronous Vs Synchronous Multiplexing <BR>Skip Multiplexers <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>PDH Maintenance Alarms <BR></STRONG>Types of Alarms <BR>Loss of Signal (LOS) <BR>Loss of Framing (LOF) <BR>Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) <BR>Remote Defect Indication (RDI) <BR>Determination of Fault Location <BR>Loss of Multi-Frame Alignment (LOMF) <BR>Multi-Frame Alignment AIS (MFAIS) <BR>Multi-Frame Alignment RDI (MFRDI) <BR>Remote End Block Error (REBE) <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Principles <BR></STRONG>Evolution of SDH <BR>Advantages of SDH <BR>The Price to be paid for the Advantages <BR>Synchronous Transport Module (STM) <BR>Formation of STM-1 <BR>Container <BR>Mapping <BR>Virtual Containers <BR>Path and Section <BR>SDH Layers <BR>Tributary Unit <BR>Further Multiplexing <BR>Multiplexing Higher order PDH Tributaries <BR>Complete SDH Multiplexing Structure <BR>Frame Structure of STM-1 <BR>Pointer <BR>Formation of Higher Order STMs <BR>Frame Structure of Higher Order STMs <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Operations and Maintenance in SDH <BR></STRONG>Performance Monitoring <BR>Fault Diagnostics and Restoration <BR>Summary of SDH Alarms and Indications <BR>Performance Monitoring Parameters <BR>Roles of Other Overhead Bytes <BR>Overhead Bytes Summary <BR>Network Management in SDH <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>SDH Architecture and Protection Mechanisms <BR></STRONG>SDH Network Elements <BR>SDH Network Topologies <BR>Work and Protect Paths <BR>The Advantage of a Ring <BR>Protection Switching Schemes <BR>Self Healing Rings <BR>Types of Automatic Protection Switching <BR>MS Dedicated Ring Protection <BR>MS Shared Ring Protection <BR>Other Important Features of Protection Switching <BR>Sub Network Connection Protection <BR>Comparison of Various Protection Schemes <BR>Deployment of Protection in a Network <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Data over SDH <BR></STRONG>Problems of Interfacing Data and SDH <BR>Data as Payload <BR>Concatenation <BR>Contiguous Concatenation <BR>Mapping of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Frames <BR>Mapping of HDLC, PPP, Ethernet, IP, LAPS <BR>Shortcomings of Data over SDH <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Emerging Systems and Future of SDH <BR></STRONG>The Case for Ethernet Backbone <BR>The SDH's Fight <BR>Next Generation SDH <BR>Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) <BR>New Generation Network Elements <BR>Carrier Ethernet <BR>What is Future? SDH or Packet Networks <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Transmission Media for PDH/SDH and Optical Fiber Technology <BR></STRONG>Types of media for the transmission of PDH and SDH signals <BR>Optical Fiber Communication Technology <BR>All Optical Networks <BR>OFC Link Budget <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking <BR></P><P><STRONG>Introduction to Optical Transport Networks (OTN) <BR></STRONG>Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) Principles <BR>Multiplexing Structure of OTN <BR>Multiplexing Hierarchy of OTN (OTH) <BR>OTN Layers <BR>OTN Domain Interfaces <BR>Advantages of OTN <BR>Frame Structure of OTN <BR>Forward Error Correction (FEC) <BR>Operations & Maintenance in OTN <BR>Future of OTN <BR>References <BR>Review Questions <BR>Critical Thinking<BR></P>

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