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LTE small cell optimization : 3GPP evolution to release 13 / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Jussi Reunanen.

Contributor(s): Holma, Harri, 1970- [editor.] | Toskala, Antti [editor.] | Reunanen, Jussi [editor.] | IEEE Xplore (Online Service) [distributor.] | Wiley [publisher.].
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: Sothern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, : Wiley, 2016Distributor: [Piscataqay, New Jersey] : IEEE Xplore, [2015]Description: 1 PDF (xxiii, 437 pages).Content type: text Media type: electronic Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781118912560.Subject(s): Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)Genre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 621.3845/6 Online resources: Abstract with links to resource Also available in print.
Contents:
-- Preface xiii -- Acknowledgements xv -- List of Abbreviations xvii -- 1 Introduction 1 /Harri Holma -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 LTE Global Deployments and Devices 2 -- 1.3 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 3 -- 1.4 LTE Technology Evolution 4 -- 1.5 LTE Spectrum 5 -- 1.6 Small Cell Deployments 6 -- 1.7 Network Optimization 7 -- 1.8 LTE Evolution Beyond Release 13 8 -- 1.9 Summary 9 -- References 9 -- 2 LTE and LTE Advanced in Releases 8 / 11 11 /Antti Toskala -- 2.1 Introduction 11 -- 2.2 Releases 8 and 9 LTE 11 -- 2.2.1 Releases 8 and 9 Physical Layer 12 -- 2.2.2 LTE Architecture 17 -- 2.2.3 LTE Radio Protocols 17 -- 2.3 LTE Advanced in Releases 10 and 11 19 -- 2.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 19 -- 2.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Enhancements 23 -- 2.3.3 HetNet Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 23 -- 2.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission 25 -- 2.4 UE Capability in Releases 8 / 11 26 -- 2.5 Conclusions 28 -- References 28 -- 3 LTE-Advanced Evolution in Releases 12 / 13 29 /Antti Toskala -- 3.1 Introduction 29 -- 3.2 Machine-Type Communications 29 -- 3.3 Enhanced CoMP 34 -- 3.4 FDD / TDD Carrier Aggregation 35 -- 3.5 WLAN-Radio Interworking 37 -- 3.6 Device-to-Device Communication with LTE 39 -- 3.7 Single Cell Point to Multipoint Transmission 41 -- 3.8 Release 12 UE Capabilities 42 -- 3.9 Conclusions 42 -- References 43 -- 4 Small Cell Enhancements in Release 12/13 45 /Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Tero Henttonen and Jari Lindholm -- 4.1 Introduction 45 -- 4.2 Small Cell and Dual Connectivity Principles 45 -- 4.3 Dual Connectivity Architecture Principle 46 -- 4.4 Dual Connectivity Protocol Impacts 47 -- 4.5 Dual Connectivity Physical Layer Impacts and Radio Link Monitoring 49 -- 4.6 Other Small Cell Physical Layer Enhancement 53 -- 4.6.1 256QAM for LTE Downlink 53 -- 4.6.2 Small Cell ON/OFF Switching and Enhanced Discovery 53 -- 4.6.3 Power Saving with Small Cell ON/OFF 56 -- 4.6.4 Over the Air Synchronization Between eNodeBs 56 -- 4.7 Release 13 Enhancements 56.
4.8 Conclusions 57 -- References 57 -- 5 Small Cell Deployment Options 59 /Harri Holma and Benny Vejlgaard -- 5.1 Introduction 59 -- 5.2 Small Cell Motivation 60 -- 5.3 Network Architecture Options 60 -- 5.4 Frequency Usage 64 -- 5.5 Selection of Small Cell Location 65 -- 5.6 Indoor Small Cells 67 -- 5.6.1 Distributed Antenna Systems 67 -- 5.6.2 Wi-Fi and Femto Cells 68 -- 5.6.3 Femto Cell Architecture 70 -- 5.6.4 Recommendations 72 -- 5.7 Cost Aspects 72 -- 5.7.1 Macro Network Extension 73 -- 5.7.2 Outdoor Small Cells 73 -- 5.7.3 Outdoor Pico Cluster 73 -- 5.7.4 Indoor Offloading 74 -- 5.8 Summary 74 -- References 75 -- 6 Small Cell Products 77 /Harri Holma and Mikko Simanainen -- 6.1 Introduction 77 -- 6.2 3GPP Base Station Categories 78 -- 6.3 Micro Base Stations 78 -- 6.4 Pico Base Stations 80 -- 6.5 Femtocells 83 -- 6.6 Low-Power Remote Radio Heads 84 -- 6.6.1 Alternative Remote Radio Head Designs for Indoor Use 86 -- 6.7 Distributed Antenna Systems 87 -- 6.8 Wi-Fi Integration 87 -- 6.9 Wireless Backhaul Products 89 -- 6.10 Summary 90 -- Reference 90 -- 7 Small Cell Interference Management 91 /Rajeev Agrawal, Anand Bedekar, Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, Klaus Pedersen and Beatriz Soret -- 7.1 Introduction 91 -- 7.2 Packet Scheduling Solutions 93 -- 7.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 97 -- 7.3.1 Concept Description 97 -- 7.3.2 Performance and Algorithms 101 -- 7.4 Enhanced Coordinated Multipoint (eCoMP) 110 -- 7.5 Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) 114 -- 7.6 Summary 119 -- References 120 -- 8 Small Cell Optimization 121 /Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa, Anand Bedekar and Hua Wang -- 8.1 Introduction 121 -- 8.2 HetNet Mobility Optimization 122 -- 8.3 Inter-site Carrier Aggregation with Dual Connectivity 126 -- 8.3.1 User Data Rates with Inter-site Carrier Aggregation 126 -- 8.3.2 Mobility with Dual Connectivity 131 -- 8.4 Ultra Dense Network Interference Management 135 -- 8.4.1 Ultra Dense Network Characteristics 135 -- 8.4.2 Proactive Time-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination 136.
8.4.3 Reactive Carrier-Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 138 -- 8.5 Power Saving with Small Cell On/Off 139 -- 8.6 Multivendor Macro Cell and Small Cells 141 -- 8.7 Summary 143 -- References 143 -- 9 Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 145 /Brian Olsen and Harri Holma -- 9.1 Introduction 145 -- 9.2 Small Cell Motivations by Mobile Operators 145 -- 9.3 Small Cell Challenges and Solutions 146 -- 9.4 Summary of Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 147 -- 9.5 Installation Considerations 151 -- 9.6 Example Small Cell Case Study 152 -- 9.6.1 Site Solution and Backhaul 152 -- 9.6.2 Coverage and User Data Rates 153 -- 9.6.3 Macro Cell Offloading and Capacity 154 -- 9.6.4 KPIs in Network Statistics 155 -- 9.6.5 Mobility Performance 156 -- 9.6.6 Parameter and RF Optimization 157 -- 9.7 Summary 158 -- 10 LTE Unlicensed 159 /Antti Toskala and Harri Holma -- 10.1 Introduction 159 -- 10.2 Unlicensed Spectrum 160 -- 10.3 Operation Environment 161 -- 10.4 Motivation for the Use of Unlicensed Spectrum with LTE 162 -- 10.5 Key Requirements for 5 GHz Band Coexistence 162 -- 10.6 LTE Principle on Unlicensed Band 164 -- 10.7 LTE Performance on the Unlicensed Band 165 -- 10.8 Coexistence Performance 166 -- 10.9 Coverage with LTE in 5 GHz Band 170 -- 10.10 Standardization 172 -- 10.11 Conclusions 172 -- References 173 -- 11 LTE Macro Cell Evolution 175 /Mihai Enescu, Amitava Ghosh, Bishwarup Mondal and Antti Toskala -- 11.1 Introduction 175 -- 11.2 Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation 176 -- 11.3 Evolution of Antenna Array Technology 181 -- 11.4 Deployment Scenarios for Antenna Arrays 182 -- 11.5 Massive-MIMO Supported by LTE 187 -- 11.5.1 Sectorization (Vertical)-Based Approaches 187 -- 11.5.2 Reciprocity-Based Approaches 188 -- 11.6 Further LTE Multi-antenna Standardization 189 -- 11.7 Release 13 Advanced Receiver Enhancements 192 -- 11.8 Conclusions 192 -- References 193 -- 12 LTE Key Performance Indicator Optimization 195 /Jussi Reunanen, Jari Salo and Riku Luostari.
12.1 Introduction 195 -- 12.2 Key Performance Indicators 196 -- 12.3 Physical Layer Optimization 197 -- 12.4 Call Setup 200 -- 12.4.1 Random Access Setup 202 -- 12.4.2 RRC Connection Setup 208 -- 12.4.3 E-RAB Setup 215 -- 12.5 E-RAB Drop 218 -- 12.5.1 Handover Performance 218 -- 12.5.2 UE-Triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 222 -- 12.5.3 eNodeB-triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 226 -- 12.6 Handover and Mobility Optimization 228 -- 12.7 Throughput Optimization 232 -- 12.7.1 MIMO Multi-stream Usage Optimization 234 -- 12.8 High-Speed Train Optimization 243 -- 12.9 Network Density Benchmarking 246 -- 12.10 Summary 247 -- References 248 -- 13 Capacity Optimization 249 /Jussi Reunanen, Riku Luostari and Harri Holma -- 13.1 Introduction 249 -- 13.2 Traffic Profiles in Mass Events 251 -- 13.3 Uplink Interference Management 255 -- 13.3.1 PUSCH 257 -- 13.3.2 PUCCH 265 -- 13.3.3 RACH and RRC Setup Success Rate 265 -- 13.3.4 Centralized RAN 269 -- 13.4 Downlink Interference Management 270 -- 13.4.1 PDSCH 271 -- 13.4.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel 276 -- 13.5 Signalling Load and Number of Connected Users Dimensioning 279 -- 13.5.1 Signalling Load 280 -- 13.5.2 RRC-Connected Users 280 -- 13.6 Load Balancing 284 -- 13.7 Capacity Bottleneck Analysis 286 -- 13.8 Summary 291 -- References 292 -- 14 VoLTE Optimization 293 /Riku Luostari, Jari Salo, Jussi Reunanen and Harri Holma -- 14.1 Introduction 293 -- 14.2 Voice Options for LTE Smartphones 293 -- 14.3 Circuit Switched Fallback 294 -- 14.3.1 Basic Concepts 294 -- 14.3.2 CSFB Call Setup Time, Transition to Target RAT 296 -- 14.3.3 CSFB Call Setup Success Rate 302 -- 14.3.4 Return to LTE after CSFB Call 302 -- 14.4 Voice over LTE 307 -- 14.4.1 Setup Success Rate and Drop Rate 307 -- 14.4.2 TTI Bundling and RLC Segmentation 310 -- 14.4.3 Semi-persistent Scheduling 312 -- 14.4.4 Packet Bundling 314 -- 14.4.5 Re-establishment with Radio Preparations 315 -- 14.4.6 Voice Quality on VoLTE 315 -- 14.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 322.
14.5.1 Signalling Flows 322 -- 14.5.2 Performance 326 -- 14.6 Summary 331 -- References 331 -- 15 Inter-layer Mobility Optimization 333 /Jari Salo and Jussi Reunanen -- 15.1 Introduction 333 -- 15.2 Inter-layer Idle Mode Mobility and Measurements 334 -- 15.2.1 Initial Cell Selection and Minimum Criteria for UE to Camp on a Cell 334 -- 15.2.2 Summary of Cell Reselection Rules 336 -- 15.2.3 Idle Mode Measurements 338 -- 15.3 Inter-layer Connected Mode Measurements 344 -- 15.4 Inter-layer Mobility for Coverage-Limited Network 350 -- 15.4.1 Basic Concepts 350 -- 15.4.2 Mapping Throughput Target to SINR, RSRQ and RSRP 353 -- 15.4.3 Inter-layer Mobility Example #1 (Non-equal Priority Non-equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 361 -- 15.4.4 Inter-layer Mobility Example #2 (Equal Priority Equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 368 -- 15.5 Inter-layer Mobility for Capacity-Limited Networks 370 -- 15.5.1 Static Load Balancing via Mobility Thresholds 371 -- 15.5.2 Dynamic Load Balancing via eNodeB Algorithms 375 -- 15.6 Summary 377 -- References 377 -- 16 Smartphone Optimization 379 /Rafael Sanchez-Mejias, Laurent NoŠ el and Harri Holma -- 16.1 Introduction 379 -- 16.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis in LTE Networks 380 -- 16.2.1 Data Volumes and Asymmetry 380 -- 16.2.2 Traffic-Related Signalling 381 -- 16.2.3 Mobility-Related Signalling 382 -- 16.2.4 User Connectivity 382 -- 16.3 Smartphone Power Consumption Optimization 384 -- 16.3.1 Impact of Downlink Carrier Aggregation 384 -- 16.3.2 Impact of Discontinuous Reception 385 -- 16.4 Smartphone Operating Systems 391 -- 16.5 Messaging Applications 391 -- 16.6 Streaming Applications 393 -- 16.7 Voice over LTE 394 -- 16.7.1 VoLTE System Architecture 395 -- 16.7.2 VoLTE Performance Analysis 396 -- 16.7.3 Standby Performance 404 -- 16.7.4 Impact of Network Loading and Radio Quality 405 -- 16.8 Smartphone Battery, Baseband and RF Design Aspects 406 -- 16.8.1 Trends in Battery Capacity 406 -- 16.8.2 Trends in Cellular Chipset Power Consumption 409 -- 16.8.3 Impact of Small Cells on Smartphone Power Consumption 412.
16.9 Summary 421 -- References 421 -- 17 Further Outlook for LTE Evolution and 5G 423 /Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-aho -- 17.1 Introduction 423 -- 17.2 Further LTE-Advanced Beyond Release 13 423 -- 17.3 Towards 5G 426 -- 17.4 5G Spectrum 427 -- 17.5 Key 5G Radio Technologies 428 -- 17.6 Expected 5G Schedule 430 -- 17.7 Conclusions 432 -- References 432 -- Index 433.
Summary: "This book addresses R&D and standardization activities on LTE small cells and network optimization, focusing on 3GPP evolution to Release 13. In addition, the book is written by experts from Renesas, T-Mobile, Teliasonera and Videotron. The book covers: 1) LTE small cells from specification to products and field results, 2) Latest 3GPP evolution to Release 13 and 3) LTE optimization and learnings from the field"-- Provided by publisher.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

-- Preface xiii -- Acknowledgements xv -- List of Abbreviations xvii -- 1 Introduction 1 /Harri Holma -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 LTE Global Deployments and Devices 2 -- 1.3 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 3 -- 1.4 LTE Technology Evolution 4 -- 1.5 LTE Spectrum 5 -- 1.6 Small Cell Deployments 6 -- 1.7 Network Optimization 7 -- 1.8 LTE Evolution Beyond Release 13 8 -- 1.9 Summary 9 -- References 9 -- 2 LTE and LTE Advanced in Releases 8 / 11 11 /Antti Toskala -- 2.1 Introduction 11 -- 2.2 Releases 8 and 9 LTE 11 -- 2.2.1 Releases 8 and 9 Physical Layer 12 -- 2.2.2 LTE Architecture 17 -- 2.2.3 LTE Radio Protocols 17 -- 2.3 LTE Advanced in Releases 10 and 11 19 -- 2.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 19 -- 2.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Enhancements 23 -- 2.3.3 HetNet Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 23 -- 2.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission 25 -- 2.4 UE Capability in Releases 8 / 11 26 -- 2.5 Conclusions 28 -- References 28 -- 3 LTE-Advanced Evolution in Releases 12 / 13 29 /Antti Toskala -- 3.1 Introduction 29 -- 3.2 Machine-Type Communications 29 -- 3.3 Enhanced CoMP 34 -- 3.4 FDD / TDD Carrier Aggregation 35 -- 3.5 WLAN-Radio Interworking 37 -- 3.6 Device-to-Device Communication with LTE 39 -- 3.7 Single Cell Point to Multipoint Transmission 41 -- 3.8 Release 12 UE Capabilities 42 -- 3.9 Conclusions 42 -- References 43 -- 4 Small Cell Enhancements in Release 12/13 45 /Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Tero Henttonen and Jari Lindholm -- 4.1 Introduction 45 -- 4.2 Small Cell and Dual Connectivity Principles 45 -- 4.3 Dual Connectivity Architecture Principle 46 -- 4.4 Dual Connectivity Protocol Impacts 47 -- 4.5 Dual Connectivity Physical Layer Impacts and Radio Link Monitoring 49 -- 4.6 Other Small Cell Physical Layer Enhancement 53 -- 4.6.1 256QAM for LTE Downlink 53 -- 4.6.2 Small Cell ON/OFF Switching and Enhanced Discovery 53 -- 4.6.3 Power Saving with Small Cell ON/OFF 56 -- 4.6.4 Over the Air Synchronization Between eNodeBs 56 -- 4.7 Release 13 Enhancements 56.

4.8 Conclusions 57 -- References 57 -- 5 Small Cell Deployment Options 59 /Harri Holma and Benny Vejlgaard -- 5.1 Introduction 59 -- 5.2 Small Cell Motivation 60 -- 5.3 Network Architecture Options 60 -- 5.4 Frequency Usage 64 -- 5.5 Selection of Small Cell Location 65 -- 5.6 Indoor Small Cells 67 -- 5.6.1 Distributed Antenna Systems 67 -- 5.6.2 Wi-Fi and Femto Cells 68 -- 5.6.3 Femto Cell Architecture 70 -- 5.6.4 Recommendations 72 -- 5.7 Cost Aspects 72 -- 5.7.1 Macro Network Extension 73 -- 5.7.2 Outdoor Small Cells 73 -- 5.7.3 Outdoor Pico Cluster 73 -- 5.7.4 Indoor Offloading 74 -- 5.8 Summary 74 -- References 75 -- 6 Small Cell Products 77 /Harri Holma and Mikko Simanainen -- 6.1 Introduction 77 -- 6.2 3GPP Base Station Categories 78 -- 6.3 Micro Base Stations 78 -- 6.4 Pico Base Stations 80 -- 6.5 Femtocells 83 -- 6.6 Low-Power Remote Radio Heads 84 -- 6.6.1 Alternative Remote Radio Head Designs for Indoor Use 86 -- 6.7 Distributed Antenna Systems 87 -- 6.8 Wi-Fi Integration 87 -- 6.9 Wireless Backhaul Products 89 -- 6.10 Summary 90 -- Reference 90 -- 7 Small Cell Interference Management 91 /Rajeev Agrawal, Anand Bedekar, Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, Klaus Pedersen and Beatriz Soret -- 7.1 Introduction 91 -- 7.2 Packet Scheduling Solutions 93 -- 7.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 97 -- 7.3.1 Concept Description 97 -- 7.3.2 Performance and Algorithms 101 -- 7.4 Enhanced Coordinated Multipoint (eCoMP) 110 -- 7.5 Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) 114 -- 7.6 Summary 119 -- References 120 -- 8 Small Cell Optimization 121 /Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa, Anand Bedekar and Hua Wang -- 8.1 Introduction 121 -- 8.2 HetNet Mobility Optimization 122 -- 8.3 Inter-site Carrier Aggregation with Dual Connectivity 126 -- 8.3.1 User Data Rates with Inter-site Carrier Aggregation 126 -- 8.3.2 Mobility with Dual Connectivity 131 -- 8.4 Ultra Dense Network Interference Management 135 -- 8.4.1 Ultra Dense Network Characteristics 135 -- 8.4.2 Proactive Time-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination 136.

8.4.3 Reactive Carrier-Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 138 -- 8.5 Power Saving with Small Cell On/Off 139 -- 8.6 Multivendor Macro Cell and Small Cells 141 -- 8.7 Summary 143 -- References 143 -- 9 Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 145 /Brian Olsen and Harri Holma -- 9.1 Introduction 145 -- 9.2 Small Cell Motivations by Mobile Operators 145 -- 9.3 Small Cell Challenges and Solutions 146 -- 9.4 Summary of Learnings from Small Cell Deployments 147 -- 9.5 Installation Considerations 151 -- 9.6 Example Small Cell Case Study 152 -- 9.6.1 Site Solution and Backhaul 152 -- 9.6.2 Coverage and User Data Rates 153 -- 9.6.3 Macro Cell Offloading and Capacity 154 -- 9.6.4 KPIs in Network Statistics 155 -- 9.6.5 Mobility Performance 156 -- 9.6.6 Parameter and RF Optimization 157 -- 9.7 Summary 158 -- 10 LTE Unlicensed 159 /Antti Toskala and Harri Holma -- 10.1 Introduction 159 -- 10.2 Unlicensed Spectrum 160 -- 10.3 Operation Environment 161 -- 10.4 Motivation for the Use of Unlicensed Spectrum with LTE 162 -- 10.5 Key Requirements for 5 GHz Band Coexistence 162 -- 10.6 LTE Principle on Unlicensed Band 164 -- 10.7 LTE Performance on the Unlicensed Band 165 -- 10.8 Coexistence Performance 166 -- 10.9 Coverage with LTE in 5 GHz Band 170 -- 10.10 Standardization 172 -- 10.11 Conclusions 172 -- References 173 -- 11 LTE Macro Cell Evolution 175 /Mihai Enescu, Amitava Ghosh, Bishwarup Mondal and Antti Toskala -- 11.1 Introduction 175 -- 11.2 Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation 176 -- 11.3 Evolution of Antenna Array Technology 181 -- 11.4 Deployment Scenarios for Antenna Arrays 182 -- 11.5 Massive-MIMO Supported by LTE 187 -- 11.5.1 Sectorization (Vertical)-Based Approaches 187 -- 11.5.2 Reciprocity-Based Approaches 188 -- 11.6 Further LTE Multi-antenna Standardization 189 -- 11.7 Release 13 Advanced Receiver Enhancements 192 -- 11.8 Conclusions 192 -- References 193 -- 12 LTE Key Performance Indicator Optimization 195 /Jussi Reunanen, Jari Salo and Riku Luostari.

12.1 Introduction 195 -- 12.2 Key Performance Indicators 196 -- 12.3 Physical Layer Optimization 197 -- 12.4 Call Setup 200 -- 12.4.1 Random Access Setup 202 -- 12.4.2 RRC Connection Setup 208 -- 12.4.3 E-RAB Setup 215 -- 12.5 E-RAB Drop 218 -- 12.5.1 Handover Performance 218 -- 12.5.2 UE-Triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 222 -- 12.5.3 eNodeB-triggered RRC Connection Re-establishments 226 -- 12.6 Handover and Mobility Optimization 228 -- 12.7 Throughput Optimization 232 -- 12.7.1 MIMO Multi-stream Usage Optimization 234 -- 12.8 High-Speed Train Optimization 243 -- 12.9 Network Density Benchmarking 246 -- 12.10 Summary 247 -- References 248 -- 13 Capacity Optimization 249 /Jussi Reunanen, Riku Luostari and Harri Holma -- 13.1 Introduction 249 -- 13.2 Traffic Profiles in Mass Events 251 -- 13.3 Uplink Interference Management 255 -- 13.3.1 PUSCH 257 -- 13.3.2 PUCCH 265 -- 13.3.3 RACH and RRC Setup Success Rate 265 -- 13.3.4 Centralized RAN 269 -- 13.4 Downlink Interference Management 270 -- 13.4.1 PDSCH 271 -- 13.4.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel 276 -- 13.5 Signalling Load and Number of Connected Users Dimensioning 279 -- 13.5.1 Signalling Load 280 -- 13.5.2 RRC-Connected Users 280 -- 13.6 Load Balancing 284 -- 13.7 Capacity Bottleneck Analysis 286 -- 13.8 Summary 291 -- References 292 -- 14 VoLTE Optimization 293 /Riku Luostari, Jari Salo, Jussi Reunanen and Harri Holma -- 14.1 Introduction 293 -- 14.2 Voice Options for LTE Smartphones 293 -- 14.3 Circuit Switched Fallback 294 -- 14.3.1 Basic Concepts 294 -- 14.3.2 CSFB Call Setup Time, Transition to Target RAT 296 -- 14.3.3 CSFB Call Setup Success Rate 302 -- 14.3.4 Return to LTE after CSFB Call 302 -- 14.4 Voice over LTE 307 -- 14.4.1 Setup Success Rate and Drop Rate 307 -- 14.4.2 TTI Bundling and RLC Segmentation 310 -- 14.4.3 Semi-persistent Scheduling 312 -- 14.4.4 Packet Bundling 314 -- 14.4.5 Re-establishment with Radio Preparations 315 -- 14.4.6 Voice Quality on VoLTE 315 -- 14.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 322.

14.5.1 Signalling Flows 322 -- 14.5.2 Performance 326 -- 14.6 Summary 331 -- References 331 -- 15 Inter-layer Mobility Optimization 333 /Jari Salo and Jussi Reunanen -- 15.1 Introduction 333 -- 15.2 Inter-layer Idle Mode Mobility and Measurements 334 -- 15.2.1 Initial Cell Selection and Minimum Criteria for UE to Camp on a Cell 334 -- 15.2.2 Summary of Cell Reselection Rules 336 -- 15.2.3 Idle Mode Measurements 338 -- 15.3 Inter-layer Connected Mode Measurements 344 -- 15.4 Inter-layer Mobility for Coverage-Limited Network 350 -- 15.4.1 Basic Concepts 350 -- 15.4.2 Mapping Throughput Target to SINR, RSRQ and RSRP 353 -- 15.4.3 Inter-layer Mobility Example #1 (Non-equal Priority Non-equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 361 -- 15.4.4 Inter-layer Mobility Example #2 (Equal Priority Equal Bandwidth LTE Layers) 368 -- 15.5 Inter-layer Mobility for Capacity-Limited Networks 370 -- 15.5.1 Static Load Balancing via Mobility Thresholds 371 -- 15.5.2 Dynamic Load Balancing via eNodeB Algorithms 375 -- 15.6 Summary 377 -- References 377 -- 16 Smartphone Optimization 379 /Rafael Sanchez-Mejias, Laurent NoŠ el and Harri Holma -- 16.1 Introduction 379 -- 16.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis in LTE Networks 380 -- 16.2.1 Data Volumes and Asymmetry 380 -- 16.2.2 Traffic-Related Signalling 381 -- 16.2.3 Mobility-Related Signalling 382 -- 16.2.4 User Connectivity 382 -- 16.3 Smartphone Power Consumption Optimization 384 -- 16.3.1 Impact of Downlink Carrier Aggregation 384 -- 16.3.2 Impact of Discontinuous Reception 385 -- 16.4 Smartphone Operating Systems 391 -- 16.5 Messaging Applications 391 -- 16.6 Streaming Applications 393 -- 16.7 Voice over LTE 394 -- 16.7.1 VoLTE System Architecture 395 -- 16.7.2 VoLTE Performance Analysis 396 -- 16.7.3 Standby Performance 404 -- 16.7.4 Impact of Network Loading and Radio Quality 405 -- 16.8 Smartphone Battery, Baseband and RF Design Aspects 406 -- 16.8.1 Trends in Battery Capacity 406 -- 16.8.2 Trends in Cellular Chipset Power Consumption 409 -- 16.8.3 Impact of Small Cells on Smartphone Power Consumption 412.

16.9 Summary 421 -- References 421 -- 17 Further Outlook for LTE Evolution and 5G 423 /Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-aho -- 17.1 Introduction 423 -- 17.2 Further LTE-Advanced Beyond Release 13 423 -- 17.3 Towards 5G 426 -- 17.4 5G Spectrum 427 -- 17.5 Key 5G Radio Technologies 428 -- 17.6 Expected 5G Schedule 430 -- 17.7 Conclusions 432 -- References 432 -- Index 433.

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"This book addresses R&D and standardization activities on LTE small cells and network optimization, focusing on 3GPP evolution to Release 13. In addition, the book is written by experts from Renesas, T-Mobile, Teliasonera and Videotron. The book covers: 1) LTE small cells from specification to products and field results, 2) Latest 3GPP evolution to Release 13 and 3) LTE optimization and learnings from the field"-- Provided by publisher.

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