Includes bibliographical references and index.

Preface xxi -- PART I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY -- 1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 3 -- 1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 3 -- 1.2 What is a Satellite? 4 -- 1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 7 -- 1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 7 -- 1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 8 -- 1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration -- Early Developments 10 -- 1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 11 -- 1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 12 -- 1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 15 -- 1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 16 -- 1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress 19 -- 1.3.9 Small or Miniature Satellites 22 -- 1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 27 -- 1.5 Future Trends 33 -- 1.5.1 Communication Satellites 33 -- 1.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites 33 -- 1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites 33 -- 1.5.4 Navigational Satellites 34 -- 1.5.5 Military Satellites 35 -- Further Reading 35 -- Glossary 35 -- 2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 37 -- 2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 37 -- 2.2 Orbiting Satellites -- Basic Principles 37 -- 2.2.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 39 -- 2.2.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion 40 -- 2.2.3 Kepler's Laws 41 -- 2.3 Orbital Parameters 44 -- 2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 61 -- 2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 67 -- 2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 67 -- 2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 68 -- 2.5.3 Distance from Earth 70 -- 2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit 73 -- Further Readings 76 -- Glossary 76 -- 3 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations 79 -- 3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 79 -- 3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 80 -- 3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 83 -- 3.2 Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 95 -- 3.3 Launch Vehicles 100 -- 3.3.1 Introduction 100 -- 3.3.2 Classification 100 -- 3.3.3 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 104.

3.3.4 Principal Parameters 106 -- 3.3.5 Major Launch Vehicles 108 -- 3.4 Space Centres 127 -- 3.4.1 Location Considerations 127 -- 3.4.2 Constituent Parts of a Space Centre 128 -- 3.4.3 Major Space Centres 129 -- 3.5 Orbital Perturbations 144 -- 3.6 Satellite Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.1 Spin Stabilization 146 -- 3.6.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 147 -- 3.6.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites 149 -- 3.6.4 Station Keeping 149 -- 3.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite's Performance 149 -- 3.7.1 Doppler Shift 149 -- 3.7.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance 150 -- 3.7.3 Solar Eclipse 150 -- 3.7.4 Sun Transit Outrage 150 -- 3.8 Eclipses 150 -- 3.9 Look Angles of a Satellite 154 -- 3.9.1 Azimuth Angle 154 -- 3.9.2 Elevation Angle 155 -- 3.9.3 Computing the Slant Range 156 -- 3.9.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 158 -- 3.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 166 -- 3.10.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 166 -- 3.10.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 167 -- 3.10.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage 170 -- Further Readings 172 -- Glossary 172 -- 4 Satellite Hardware 174 -- 4.1 Satellite Subsystems 174 -- 4.2 Mechanical Structure 175 -- 4.2.1 Design Considerations 176 -- 4.2.2 Typical Structure 176 -- 4.3 Propulsion Subsystem 177 -- 4.3.1 Basic Principle 178 -- 4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 178 -- 4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem 185 -- 4.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium 186 -- 4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 186 -- 4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 187 -- 4.5 Power Supply Subsystem 189 -- 4.5.1 Types of Power System 189 -- 4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 190 -- 4.5.3 Batteries 195 -- 4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 199 -- 4.6.1 Attitude Control 200 -- 4.6.2 Orbit Control 200 -- 4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 201 -- 4.8 Payload 203 -- 4.9 Antenna Subsystem 205 -- 4.9.1 Antenna Parameters 207 -- 4.9.2 Types of Antennas 210 -- 4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability 224.

4.10.1 Space Qualification 224 -- 4.10.2 Reliability 225 -- Further Readings 226 -- Glossary 227 -- 5 Communication Techniques 229 -- 5.1 Types of Information Signals 229 -- 5.1.1 Voice Signals 230 -- 5.1.2 Data Signals 230 -- 5.1.3 Video Signals 230 -- 5.2 Amplitude Modulation 231 -- 5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal 232 -- 5.2.2 Power in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal 233 -- 5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 235 -- 5.3 Frequency Modulation 241 -- 5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal 243 -- 5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM 245 -- 5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal 246 -- 5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals 250 -- 5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals 252 -- 5.4 Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 259 -- 5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 261 -- 5.5 Sampling Theorem 265 -- 5.6 Shannon -- Hartley Theorem 266 -- 5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques 267 -- 5.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 268 -- 5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268 -- 5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 269 -- 5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 270 -- 5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 271 -- 5.7.6 Offset QPSK 273 -- 5.7.7 8PSK and 16PSK 274 -- 5.7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 274 -- 5.7.9 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) 276 -- 5.8 Multiplexing Techniques 277 -- 5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 277 -- 5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 279 -- 5.8.3 Code Division Multiplexing 281 -- Further Readings 282 -- Glossary 283 -- 6 Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 286 -- 6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes 287 -- 6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 288 -- 6.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA 290 -- 6.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio 290 -- 6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems 293 -- 6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System 293 -- 6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System 294 -- 6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems 295 -- 6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System 295.

6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System 296 -- 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 297 -- 6.6 TDMA Frame Structure 297 -- 6.6.1 Reference Burst 298 -- 6.6.2 Traffic Burst 298 -- 6.6.3 Guard Time 299 -- 6.7 TDMA Burst Structure 299 -- 6.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence 299 -- 6.7.2 Unique Word 299 -- 6.7.3 Signalling Channel 300 -- 6.7.4 Traffic Information 301 -- 6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability 301 -- 6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency 302 -- 6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic 303 -- 6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 305 -- 6.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames 305 -- 6.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts 305 -- 6.11.3 Frame Synchronization 305 -- 6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA 307 -- 6.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA 308 -- 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 308 -- 6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception 309 -- 6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System 311 -- 6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System 313 -- 6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems 314 -- 6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 316 -- 6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA 316 -- 6.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System 317 -- 6.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System 318 -- 6.14.4 SDMA/CDMA System 319 -- Further Readings 319 -- Glossary 320 -- 7 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 322 -- 7.1 Transmission Equation 322 -- 7.2 Satellite Link Parameters 324 -- 7.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency 324 -- 7.2.2 Propagation Considerations 324 -- 7.2.3 Noise Considerations 325 -- 7.2.4 Interference-related Problems 325 -- 7.3 Frequency Considerations 326 -- 7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination 326 -- 7.4 Propagation Considerations 330 -- 7.4.1 Free-space Loss 330 -- 7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption 331 -- 7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain 333 -- 7.4.4 Cloud Attenuation 334 -- 7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction 334 -- 7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects 335 -- 7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals 338 -- 7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects 341.

7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques 341 -- 7.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques 342 -- 7.6 Noise Considerations 342 -- 7.6.1 Thermal Noise 342 -- 7.6.2 Noise Figure 343 -- 7.6.3 Noise Temperature 344 -- 7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages 345 -- 7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature 346 -- 7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 350 -- 7.7 Interference-related Problems 353 -- 7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion 354 -- 7.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links 357 -- 7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites 357 -- 7.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference 361 -- 7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference 361 -- 7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio 365 -- 7.9 Link Design 367 -- 7.9.1 Link Design Procedure 368 -- 7.9.2 Link Budget 368 -- 7.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology 371 -- Further Readings 374 -- Glossary 375 -- 8 Earth Station 378 -- 8.1 Earth Station 378 -- 8.2 Types of Earth Station 380 -- 8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station 381 -- 8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations 382 -- 8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations 383 -- 8.2.4 Single Function Stations 384 -- 8.2.5 Gateway Stations 385 -- 8.2.6 Teleports 386 -- 8.3 Earth Station Architecture 386 -- 8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations 387 -- 8.4.1 Key Performance Parameters 388 -- 8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization 390 -- 8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations 391 -- 8.5 Earth Station Testing 392 -- 8.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing 392 -- 8.5.2 System Level Testing 392 -- 8.6 Earth Station Hardware 398 -- 8.6.1 RF Equipment 398 -- 8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment 408 -- 8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface 409 -- 8.7 Satellite Tracking 412 -- 8.7.1 Satellite Tracking System -- Block Diagram 412 -- 8.7.2 Tracking Techniques 412 -- 8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations 419 -- 8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station 419 -- 8.8.2 Madley Communications Centre 421 -- 8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 421.

8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex 422 -- 8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 423 -- 8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 424 -- 8.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station 426 -- 8.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station 426 -- 8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations 426 -- 8.8.10 SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station 428 -- 8.8.11 Makarios Satellite Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.12 Raisting Earth Station 428 -- 8.8.13 Indian Deep Space Network 429 -- Glossary 430 -- 9 Networking Concepts 433 -- 9.1 Introduction 433 -- 9.2 Network Characteristics 433 -- 9.2.1 Availability 434 -- 9.2.2 Reliability 434 -- 9.2.3 Security 435 -- 9.2.4 Throughput 436 -- 9.2.5 Scalability 437 -- 9.2.6 Topology 437 -- 9.2.7 Cost 437 -- 9.3 Applications and Services 437 -- 9.3.1 Satellite and Network Services 438 -- 9.3.2 Satellite Services 438 -- 9.3.3 Network Services 438 -- 9.3.4 Internet Services 439 -- 9.4 Network Topologies 442 -- 9.4.1 Bus Topology 442 -- 9.4.2 Star Topology 443 -- 9.4.3 Ring Topology 444 -- 9.4.4 Mesh Topology 444 -- 9.4.5 Tree Topology 445 -- 9.4.6 Hybrid Topology 446 -- 9.5 Network Technologies 447 -- 9.5.1 Circuit Switched Networks 447 -- 9.5.2 Packet Switched Networks 448 -- 9.5.3 Circuit Switched versus Packet Switched Networks 449 -- 9.6 Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.1 Common Networking Protocols 450 -- 9.6.2 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model 453 -- 9.6.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 456 -- 9.6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 457 -- 9.6.5 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 457 -- 9.6.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 457 -- 9.6.7 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 458 -- 9.6.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 458 -- 9.6.9 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 459 -- 9.7 Satellite Constellations 459 -- 9.7.1 Constellation Geometry 459 -- 9.7.2 Major Satellite Constellations 460 -- 9.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks 465 -- 9.8.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Switches and Routers 465 -- 9.8.2 Protocol Translation, Stacking and Tunnelling 466.

9.8.3 Quality of Service 466 -- Further Readings 467 -- Glossary 467 -- PART II SATELLITE APPLICATIONS -- 10 Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites 473 -- 10.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites 474 -- 10.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475 -- 10.3 Frequency Bands 475 -- 10.4 Payloads 475 -- 10.4.1 Types of Transponders 477 -- 10.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters 478 -- 10.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks 479 -- 10.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks 480 -- 10.6 Satellite Telephony 481 -- 10.6.1 Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks 482 -- 10.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony 482 -- 10.7 Satellite Television 484 -- 10.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network 484 -- 10.7.2 Satellite -- Cable Television 485 -- 10.7.3 Satellite -- Local Broadcast TV Network 486 -- 10.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television 487 -- 10.7.5 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) 490 -- 10.7.6 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 491 -- 10.7.7 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.8 DVB-T and DVB-T2 Standards 493 -- 10.7.9 DVB-H and DVB-SH Standards 494 -- 10.8 Satellite Radio 496 -- 10.9 Satellite Data Communication Services 496 -- 10.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting 496 -- 10.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) 497 -- 10.10 Important Missions 502 -- 10.10.1 International Satellite Systems 502 -- 10.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems 512 -- 10.10.3 National Satellite Systems 513 -- 10.11 Future Trends 514 -- 10.11.1 Development of Satellite Constellations in LEO Orbits 516 -- 10.11.2 Development of Personal Communication Services (PCS) 516 -- 10.11.3 Use of Higher Frequency Bands 517 -- 10.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques 517 -- 10.11.5 Development of Broadband Services to Mobile Users 517 -- 10.11.6 Development of Hybrid Satellite/Terrestrial Networks 517.

10.11.7 Advanced Concepts 518 -- Further Readings 519 -- Glossary 521 -- 11 Remote Sensing Satellites 524 -- 11.1 Remote Sensing -- An Overview 524 -- 11.1.1 Aerial Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing 525 -- 11.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems 526 -- 11.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems 528 -- 11.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems 529 -- 11.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits 531 -- 11.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads 531 -- 11.4.1 Classification of Sensors 531 -- 11.4.2 Sensor Parameters 534 -- 11.5 Passive Sensors 535 -- 11.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors 536 -- 11.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors 539 -- 11.6 Active Sensors 540 -- 11.6.1 Active Non-scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors 540 -- 11.7 Types of Images 542 -- 11.7.1 Primary Images 542 -- 11.7.2 Secondary Images 542 -- 11.8 Image Classification 545 -- 11.9 Image Interpretation 546 -- 11.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images 546 -- 11.9.2 Interpreting Microwave Remote Sensing Images 547 -- 11.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing 547 -- 11.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites 548 -- 11.10.1 Land Cover Classification 548 -- 11.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection 549 -- 11.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management 550 -- 11.10.4 Flood Monitoring 551 -- 11.10.5 Urban Monitoring and Development 552 -- 11.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature 552 -- 11.10.7 Deforestation 553 -- 11.10.8 Global Monitoring 553 -- 11.10.9 Predicting Disasters 555 -- 11.10.10 Other Applications 558 -- 11.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions 558 -- 11.11.1 Landsat Satellite System 558 -- 11.11.2 SPOT Satellite System 561 -- 11.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System 564 -- 11.11.4 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 565 -- 11.12 Future Trends 573 -- Further Readings 574 -- Glossary 575 -- 12 Weather Satellites 577 -- 12.1 Weather Forecasting -- An Overview 577 -- 12.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals 580.

12.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites 580 -- 12.3.1 Visible Images 580 -- 12.3.2 IR Images 582 -- 12.3.3 Water Vapour Images 583 -- 12.3.4 Microwave Images 584 -- 12.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing 585 -- 12.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits 586 -- 12.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads 587 -- 12.5.1 Radiometer 588 -- 12.5.2 Active Payloads 589 -- 12.6 Image Processing and Analysis 592 -- 12.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques 592 -- 12.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications 593 -- 12.7.1 Measurement of Cloud Parameters 594 -- 12.7.2 Rainfall 594 -- 12.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction 595 -- 12.7.4 Ground-level Temperature Measurements 596 -- 12.7.5 Air Pollution and Haze 596 -- 12.7.6 Fog 596 -- 12.7.7 Oceanography 596 -- 12.7.8 Severe Storm Support 597 -- 12.7.9 Fisheries 598 -- 12.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies 598 -- 12.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions 599 -- 12.8.1 GOES Satellite System 599 -- 12.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System 605 -- 12.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites 608 -- 12.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems 612 -- Further Readings 612 -- Glossary 613 -- 13 Navigation Satellites 614 -- 13.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems 614 -- 13.1.1 Doppler Effect based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems 615 -- 13.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 621 -- 13.2.1 Space Segment 621 -- 13.2.2 Control Segment 622 -- 13.2.3 User Segment 623 -- 13.3 Working Principle of the GPS 625 -- 13.3.1 Principle of Operation 625 -- 13.3.2 GPS Signal Structure 627 -- 13.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements 628 -- 13.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location 629 -- 13.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes 631 -- 13.4.1 GPS Positioning Services 631 -- 13.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes 632 -- 13.5 GPS Error Sources 634 -- 13.6 GLONASS Satellite System 637 -- 13.6.1 GLONASS Segments 638 -- 13.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure 639 -- 13.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration 641 -- 13.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System 642.

13.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems 645 -- 13.9.1 Three-Phase Development Programme 645 -- 13.9.2 Services 646 -- 13.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) 647 -- 13.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System 648 -- 13.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems 648 -- 13.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems 650 -- 13.13.1 Military Applications 650 -- 13.13.2 Civilian Applications 651 -- 13.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 654 -- Further Readings 655 -- Glossary 656 -- 14 Scientific Satellites 658 -- 14.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques 658 -- 14.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites 659 -- 14.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth's Geodesy 659 -- 14.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies 660 -- 14.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies 661 -- 14.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites -- Study of Earth 665 -- 14.3.1 Space Geodesy 665 -- 14.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics 669 -- 14.3.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 670 -- 14.4 Observation of the Earth's Environment 670 -- 14.4.1 Study of the Earth's Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 671 -- 14.4.2 Study of the Earth's Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy) 677 -- 14.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment 679 -- 14.5 Astronomical Observations 680 -- 14.5.1 Observation of the Sun 681 -- 14.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System 686 -- 14.6.1 Mercury 691 -- 14.6.2 Venus 692 -- 14.6.3 Mars 694 -- 14.6.4 Outer Planets 697 -- 14.6.5 Moon 703 -- 14.6.6 Asteroids 705 -- 14.6.7 Comets 706 -- 14.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System 707 -- 14.8 Other Fields of Investigation 710 -- 14.8.1 Microgravity Experiments 710 -- 14.8.2 Life Sciences 711 -- 14.8.3 Material Sciences 712 -- 14.8.4 Cosmic Ray and Fundamental Physics Research 713 -- 14.9 Future Trends 714 -- Further Readings 715 -- Glossary 715 -- 15 Military Satellites 717 -- 15.1 Military Satellites -- An Overview 717 -- 15.1.1 Applications of Military Satellites 718 -- 15.2 Military Communication Satellites 718.

15.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems 719 -- 15.3.1 American Systems 720 -- 15.3.2 Russian Systems 724 -- 15.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries 725 -- 15.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems 726 -- 15.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems 727 -- 15.6 Reconnaisance Satellites 728 -- 15.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites 728 -- 15.7 SIGINT Satellites 732 -- 15.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites 733 -- 15.8 Early Warning Satellites 735 -- 15.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes 736 -- 15.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites 738 -- 15.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 738 -- 15.11 Military Navigation Satellites 739 -- 15.12 Space Weapons 739 -- 15.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons 740 -- 15.13 Strategic Defence Initiative 745 -- 15.13.1 Ground Based Programmes 746 -- 15.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes 749 -- 15.13.3 Space Programmes 751 -- 15.13.4 Sensor Programmes 752 -- 15.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons 752 -- 15.14.1 Advantages 753 -- 15.14.2 Limitations 753 -- 15.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 754 -- 15.14.4 Important Design Parametres 755 -- 15.14.5 Important Laser Sources 756 -- 15.14.6 Beam Control Technology 763 -- 15.15 Advanced Concepts 764 -- 15.15.1 New Surveillance Concepts Using Satellites 765 -- 15.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler 765 -- 15.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator 766 -- Further Readings 767 -- Glossary 767 -- 16 Emerging Trends 769 -- 16.1 Introduction 769 -- 16.2 Space Tethers 769 -- 16.2.1 Space Tethers -- Different Types 770 -- 16.2.2 Applications 774 -- 16.2.3 Space Tether Missions 775 -- 16.2.4 Space Elevator 779 -- 16.3 Aerostat Systems 781 -- 16.3.1 Components of an Aerostat System 782 -- 16.3.2 Types of Aerostat Systems 782 -- 16.3.3 Applications 783 -- 16.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication 784 -- 16.4.1 Millimetre Wave Band 784 -- 16.4.2 Advantages 785 -- 16.4.3 Propagation Considerations 787.

16.4.4 Applications 788 -- 16.4.5 Millimetre Wave Satellite Missions 789 -- 16.5 Space Stations 793 -- 16.5.1 Importance of Space Stations 794 -- 16.5.2 Space Stations of the Past 794 -- 16.5.3 Currently Operational Systems 797 -- 16.5.4 Planned Space Stations 799 -- 16.5.5 Emerging Space Station Concepts 801 -- Further Readings 803 -- Glossary 804 -- Index 807.

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Fully updated edition of the comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applications Covering both the technology and its applications, Satellite Technology is a comprehensive reference on satellites and their commercial, scientific and military applications. The book explains satellite technology fully, beginning with an introduction to the fundamentals, before covering other important topics including orbits and trajectories, launch and in-orbit operations, hardware, communication techniques, multiple access techniques, and link design. This new edition also includes two new chapters comprehensively covering networking concepts and emerging trends in satellite technology and its applications, including some unconventional related topics. Providing a complete survey of applications, from weather forecasting, remote sensing and military uses, to navigational and scientific applications, the authors also present an inclusive compendium on satellites and satellite launch vehicles. Filled with diagrams and illustrations, this book serves as an ideal introduction for those new to the topic, as well as a reference point for professionals. A companion website provides a revised and updated compendium on satellites and satellite launch vehicles. <a href="http://www.wiley.com/go/maini3">www.wiley.com/go/maini3</a>.

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