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Front Cover -- Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Physics and theory of defects in 2D materials: the role of reduced dimensionality -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of defects -- 2.3 Insights into the atomic structures of defects from scanning tunneling and transmission electron microscopy experiments -- 2.4 Production of defects in two-dimensional materials under electron and ion irradiation -- 2.5 Examples of defects in two-dimensional materials

2.5.1 Point defects -- 2.5.2 Line defects -- 2.6 Theoretical aspects of the physics of defects in bulk crystalline solids and two-dimensional materials -- 2.6.1 Defect formation energy -- 2.6.2 Gibbs free energy of defect formation -- 2.6.3 Equilibrium concentration of defects -- 2.7 Calculations of defect formation energies and electronic structure using the supercell approach -- 2.7.1 Assessment of defect formation energies -- 2.7.2 First-principles approaches for calculating defect states -- 2.8 Electronic structure of 2D materials with defects

2.8.1 Defect-induced modifications of electronic states -- 2.8.2 Deep vs. shallow electronic states in 2D materials -- 2.8.3 Defect-bound excitons -- 2.9 Point defects and vibrational properties of 2D materials from atomistic simulations -- 2.9.1 Signatures of defects in Raman spectra -- 2.9.2 Phonon contributions to defect-related photo-luminescence spectra in 2D materials -- 2.10 Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Defects in two-dimensional elemental materials beyond graphene -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Borophene -- 3.2.1 Synthesis and atomic structure

3.2.2 Defects in borophene -- 3.3 Silicene -- 3.3.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.3.2 Defects in silicene -- 3.4 Germanene -- 3.4.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.4.2 Defects in germanene -- 3.5 Stanene -- 3.5.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.5.2 Defects in stanene -- 3.6 Plumbene -- 3.6.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.6.2 Defects in plumbene -- 3.7 Phosphorene -- 3.7.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.7.2 Defects in phosphorene -- 3.8 Arsenene (h-As) and Antimonene (h-Sb) -- 3.8.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.8.2 Defects in arsenene and antimonene

3.9 Bismuthene -- 3.9.1 Synthesis and atomic structure -- 3.9.2 Defects in bismuthene -- 3.10 Selenene and tellurene -- 3.11 Gallenene -- 3.12 Hafnene -- 3.13 Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 4 Defects in transition metal dichalcogenides -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Point defects -- 4.2.1 Defect inventory -- 4.2.2 Defect classification -- 4.2.3 The nature of vacancies -- 4.2.4 Complex defects created by annealing of WSe2 -- 4.3 Impurities -- 4.3.1 Contaminants -- 4.3.2 Intercalants -- 4.3.3 Dopants -- 4.3.4 Alloys -- 4.4 Line defects -- 4.5 Control of defects and their applications

4.6 Summary.