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Front Cover -- Alkali-Activated Materials in Environmental Technology Applications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Alkali-activated materials in environmental technology: introduction -- 1.1 Scope of this book -- 1.2 Definition of the key terminology -- 1.3 The origins of alkali-activated materials -- 1.4 Beyond construction materials -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Chemistry and materials science of alkali-activated materials -- 2.1 Fundamental chemistry -- 2.1.1 Reactivity in alkaline media -- 2.1.2 Low CaO-content aluminosilicate sources -- 2.1.3 High CaO-content aluminosilicate sources -- 2.1.4 Moderate CaO-content aluminosilicate sources -- 2.2 Structural models -- 2.2.1 Structural models for C-S-H gel -- 2.2.2 Structural models for N-A-S-H gel -- 2.3 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Geopolymeric nanomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Primer of geopolymer chemistry for syntheses of geopolymeric nanomaterials -- 3.2.1 Geopolymerization reaction -- 3.2.2 Geopolymerization as "top-down" synthetic process -- 3.2.3 Geopolymer-an innately "nanostructured" material -- 3.3 Examples of geopolymer nanomaterial synthesis and applications -- 3.3.1 Synthesis and applications of nanoporous geopolymer with meso- and macropores -- 3.3.1.1 Synthesis -- 3.3.1.2 Arsenic removal from ground water -- 3.3.1.3 Catalysts for biodiesel production -- 3.3.2 Exploration of geopolymer chemistry for small particle production and applications -- 3.3.2.1 Synthesis -- 3.3.2.2 Antimicrobial application -- 3.3.2.3 Bacterial toxin removal in therapeutic application -- 3.3.2.4 Energy-saving multifunctional hybrid additives in asphalt -- 3.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 1 Fabrication of alkali-activated materials for environmental applications -- 4 Highly porous alkali-activated materials -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Material porosity -- 4.3 Effect of composition and synthesis conditions -- 4.3.1 In situ zeolite formation -- 4.4 Micro- and mesoporous filler addition -- 4.5 Process induced porosity -- 4.6 Direct foaming -- 4.7 Templating agents -- 4.8 Additive manufacturing -- 4.9 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 5 Granulation techniques of geopolymers and alkali-activated materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Granulation techniques -- 5.2.1 Wet granulation -- 5.2.2 Fluidized bed granulation -- 5.3 Granulation of alkaline-activated materials -- 5.3.1 High shear granulation and heat formation -- 5.3.2 Suspension dispersion solidification method and foaming -- 5.4 Properties of granules -- 5.5 Utilization of geopolymer granules -- 5.5.1 As adsorbents in wastewater treatment -- 5.6 Other applications -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Surface chemistry of alkali-activated materials and how to modify it -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surface characteristics and properties of alkali-activated materials -- 6.2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 6.2.2 Infrared spectroscopy -- 6.2.3 Raman spectroscopy -- 6.2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- 6.2.5 Surface charge properties -- 6.2.6 Specific surface area and nanometer-scale porosity -- 6.2.7 Other analytical techniques -- 6.3 Modification methods of alkali-activated materials -- 6.3.1 Surface modification with organosilicon compounds -- 6.3.2 Surface esterification -- 6.3.3 Acid or base treatment -- 6.3.4 Ion exchange -- 6.3.5 Composite materials -- 6.3.6 Conversion into zeolites -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Water and wastewater treatment -- 7 Alkali-activated materials as adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Occurring trends in scientific literature -- 7.3 Different strategies to use alkali-activated materials as adsorbents.

7.4 Water pollutants removed by alkali-activated materials -- 7.5 Adsorption of heavy metals by AAMs -- 7.6 Adsorption of dyes by AAMs -- 7.7 Adsorption of other water pollutants by AAMs -- 7.8 Regeneration after sorption -- 7.9 Bridging the gap between bench-scale studies and pilot-scale trials -- 7.10 Performance comparison with benchmark materials -- 7.11 Conclusions and future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts for aqueous pollutant degradation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers -- 8.3 Geopolymer-based photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Supported geopolymer-based heterogeneous photocatalysts -- 8.3.1.1 TiO2-supported geopolymer based photocatalysts -- 8.3.1.2 Photocatalysts based on other catalytically active metal oxides supported on geopolymer substrates -- 8.3.2 Geopolymer composites as photocatalysts -- 8.3.3 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts -- 8.4 Concluding remarks -- 8.4.1 Summary of the chapter -- 8.4.2 Shortcomings of the reported literature -- 8.4.3 Prospects for the future development of these photocatalysts -- References -- 9 Alkali-activated membranes and membrane supports -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ceramic materials in membrane technology -- 9.3 Alkali-activated materials as membranes -- 9.3.1 Preparation of alkali-activated membranes -- 9.3.2 Properties and applications of alkali-activated membranes -- 9.4 Conversion of alkali-activated membranes into zeolites -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Alkali-activated materials in passive pH control of wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Reasons for high pH in the pore solutions of alkali-activated materials -- 10.3 Utilization prospects for alkali-activated materials in pH control -- 10.3.1 Anaerobic digestion -- 10.3.2 Nitrification.

10.3.3 Acid mine drainage -- 10.3.4 Preparation of alkali-activated materials for pH control applications -- 10.4 Properties of alkali-activated pH control materials -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Air pollution control -- 11 Alkali-activated materials for catalytic air pollution control -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Geopolymer features -- 11.2 Photocatalysis in air pollution control context -- 11.3 Use of geopolymer structure as adsorbent and incorporation of transition metals -- 11.3.1 Generation of active sites within the structure -- 11.3.2 Dispersion of oxides by ion exchange -- 11.3.3 Deposition and impregnation of other catalytic species -- 11.4 Self-cleaning materials -- 11.4.1 Self-cleaning testing -- 11.5 Summaries on the reported cases studies and practical considerations -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Adsorption of gaseous pollutants by alkali-activated materials -- 12.1 Air emissions -- 12.1.1 CO2 emission and capture -- 12.2 Alkali-activated materials as potential adsorbents -- 12.2.1 Geopolymers as CO2 adsorbents -- 12.2.2 Geopolymer composites for CO2 adsorption -- 12.2.2.1 Geopolymer composites: addition or nucleation of zeolites for CO2 adsorbents at low temperature -- 12.2.2.2 Geopolymer composites: addition of hydrotalcites for CO2 adsorbents at intermediate temperature -- 12.3 Alternative use and activation of fly ashes for the removal of gaseous pollutants -- 12.4 Conclusions and future challenges -- References -- 4 Solid waste management -- 13 Solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes by alkali activation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Chemistry of solidification/stabilization of heavy metals in alkali-activated materials -- 13.2.1 Speciation of cationic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials -- 13.2.2 Speciation of oxyanionic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials.

13.2.3 Proposed mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization in geopolymer -- 13.2.3.1 Charge balancing of Al tetrahedra -- 13.2.3.2 Precipitation mechanism -- 13.2.3.3 Covalent bonding mechanism -- 13.2.3.4 Physical encapsulation mechanism -- 13.3 Stabilization/solidification of real wastes -- 13.3.1 Municipal waste -- 13.3.1.1 Ashes from municipal solid waste incineration -- 13.3.1.2 Waste from sewage sludge incineration -- 13.3.2 Industrial waste -- 13.3.2.1 Ash from coal and biomass power plants -- 13.3.2.2 Mining tailings and wastes -- Gold mine tailings -- Zinc and copper-zinc mine tailings -- Chromite ore processing residue -- 13.3.2.3 Smelting slags and metallurgical wastes -- Lead/zinc slags -- Antimony, ferrochrome, ferronickel, and lithium slags -- 13.3.2.4 Electroplating sludge -- 13.3.2.5 Tannery sludge -- 13.3.2.6 Red mud -- 13.3.3 Other wastes -- 13.4 Effect of alkaline activator -- 13.5 Effect of Si/Al ratio -- 13.6 Effect of metal dose -- 13.7 Effect of sulfide -- 13.8 Effect of calcium -- 13.9 Effect of aging and kinetics of leaching -- 13.10 pH of leaching solution -- 13.11 Sequential extraction -- 13.12 Comparison with Portland cement -- 13.13 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- 14 In situ sediment remediation with alkali-activated materials -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Factors affecting pollutant release from the sediment -- 14.3 Remediation of contaminated sediments -- 14.4 Alkali-activated materials: a brief introduction -- 14.5 Alkali-activated materials as active caps or sediment amendment -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Other environmental applications -- 15 Antimicrobial alkali-activated materials -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Some material solutions against bacteria -- 15.3 A state-of-the-art on antimicrobial alkali-activated materials.