By Fink, Johannes Karl,. . 1 online resource , <p>Preface xi</p> <p><b>1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1</b></p> <p>References 23</p> <p><b>2 Aqueous Environments 29</b></p> <p>2.1 Water Purification 29</p> <p>2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 29</p> <p>2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 31</p> <p>2.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 36</p> <p>2.2 Polymer Membranes 36</p> <p>2.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 39</p> <p>2.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 41</p> <p>2.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 44</p> <p>2.2.4 Materials for Membranes 45</p> <p>2.2.5 Robeson Plot 49</p> <p>References 50</p> <p><b>3 Extreme Pressure Environments 57</b></p> <p>3.1 Engine Oils 57</p> <p>3.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 57</p> <p>3.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 59</p> <p>3.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 59</p> <p>3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 60</p> <p>3.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 63</p> <p>3.3 Deep Drilling 66</p> <p>3.3.1 Surfactants 67</p> <p>3.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 68</p> <p>3.3.3 Foaming Agents 69</p> <p>3.3.4 Defoamers 69</p> <p>3.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 70</p> <p>3.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 72</p> <p>3.3.7 Gel Breakers 72</p> <p>3.3.8 Biocides 73</p> <p>3.3.9 Proppants 73</p> <p>3.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 73</p> <p>3.3.11 Thickeners 74</p> <p>3.3.12 Friction Reducers 74</p> <p>3.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 76</p> <p>3.3.14 Emulsifiers 77</p> <p>3.3.15 Demulsifiers 78</p> <p>3.3.16 Clay Stabilization 78</p> <p>3.3.17 pH Control Additives 79</p> <p>3.4 Automotive Applications 80</p> <p>3.4.1 Airbags 80</p> <p>3.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103</p> <p>References 107</p> <p><b>4 Extreme Temperature 117</b></p> <p>4.1 High-Temperature Environments 117</p> <p>4.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 117</p> <p>4.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 118</p> <p>4.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 120</p> <p>4.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 121</p> <p>4.2 Low-Temperature Environments 124</p> <p>4.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 124</p> <p>4.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 128</p> <p>4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 132</p> <p>4.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134</p> <p>References 135</p> <p><b>5 Electrical Applications 137</b></p> <p>5.1 Ionic Liquids 137</p> <p>5.1.1 Monomers 138</p> <p>5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 141</p> <p>5.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 142</p> <p>5.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 146</p> <p>5.1.5 Computer Simulation 147</p> <p>5.2 Solar Cell Devices 148</p> <p>5.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 148</p> <p>5.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 149</p> <p>5.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 153</p> <p>5.2.4 Stability 154</p> <p>5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 159</p> <p>5.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 161</p> <p>5.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 164</p> <p>5.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 165</p> <p>5.4 Fuel Cell Applications 168</p> <p>5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 170</p> <p>5.6 Electrochromic Materials 170</p> <p>5.7 Batteries 171</p> <p>5.7.1 Cathode Polymers 171</p> <p>5.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 175</p> <p>5.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 177</p> <p>5.7.4 Polymer Separators 178</p> <p>5.7.5 Protective Polymers 180</p> <p>References 181</p> <p><b>6 Medical Applications 197</b></p> <p>6.1 Contact Lenses 197</p> <p>6.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 197</p> <p>6.1.2 Materials 198</p> <p>6.1.3 Monomers 199</p> <p>6.1.4 Soft Lenses 205</p> <p>6.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 238</p> <p>6.1.6 Fabrication Methods 258</p> <p>6.2 Tissue Engineering 272</p> <p>6.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 275</p> <p>6.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 275</p> <p>6.3 Drug Delivery Systems 276</p> <p>6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 277</p> <p>6.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 278</p> <p>6.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 278</p> <p>6.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 279</p> <p>6.3.5 Inhalable Particles 287</p> <p>6.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 287</p> <p>6.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 288</p> <p>6.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 290</p> <p>6.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 291</p> <p>6.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 296</p> <p>6.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 297</p> <p>6.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 298</p> <p>6.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 298</p> <p>6.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 299</p> <p>6.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 300</p> <p>6.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 300</p> <p>6.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 301</p> <p>6.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 302</p> <p>6.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 303</p> <p>6.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 304</p> <p>6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 304</p> <p>6.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 311</p> <p>6.5 Nanomaterials 312</p> <p>6.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 314</p> <p>6.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 317</p> <p>6.6 Other Fabrication Methods 320</p> <p>6.6.1 Controlled Spreading 320</p> <p>6.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 321</p> <p>6.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 322</p> <p>6.6.4 Microarray Technology 322</p> <p>6.6.5 Biphasic Inks 322</p> <p>6.6.6 Contact Lenses 329</p> <p>6.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 333</p> <p>6.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333</p> <p>References 334</p> <p><b>7 Drug Delivery 347</b></p> <p>7.1 Biodegradable Polymers 347</p> <p>7.2 Sustained Release Technology 347</p> <p>7.2.1 Acacia 350</p> <p>7.2.2 Carrageenan 353</p> <p>7.2.3 Cellulose 354</p> <p>7.2.4 Chitosan 355</p> <p>7.2.5 Gellan Gum 355</p> <p>7.2.6 Guar Gum 355</p> <p>7.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 356</p> <p>7.2.8 Khaya Gum 357</p> <p>7.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 357</p> <p>7.2.10 Pectin 358</p> <p>7.2.11 Xanthan Gum 359</p> <p>7.2.12 Electrospinning 359</p> <p>7.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 360</p> <p>7.3 Tissue Engineering 362</p> <p>7.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 363</p> <p>7.4 Tissue Markers 364</p> <p>7.5 Hydrogels 366</p> <p>7.6 Microporous Materials 367</p> <p>7.7 Implants 370</p> <p>7.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 370</p> <p>7.7.2 Eye Implants 371</p> <p>7.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 372</p> <p>7.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 380</p> <p>7.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 380</p> <p>7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 380</p> <p>7.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 382</p> <p>7.9 Stents 383</p> <p>7.9.1 Surface Erosion 384</p> <p>7.9.2 Tubular Main Body 385</p> <p>7.9.3 Multilayer Stents 386</p> <p>7.10 Thermogelling Materials 386</p> <p>7.11 Wound Dressings 387</p> <p>7.12 Bioceramics 387</p> <p>7.13 Conjugates 389</p> <p>References 390</p> <p><b>8 Aero and Space Applications 397</b></p> <p>8.1 Technical Standards 397</p> <p>8.2 Aerospace Applications 403</p> <p>8.2.1 Components for Airplanes 403</p> <p>8.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 405</p> <p>8.2.3 Nanocomposites 405</p> <p>8.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 406</p> <p>8.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 411</p> <p>8.2.6 Leak Detection 418</p> <p>8.2.7 Antistatic Applications 418</p> <p>8.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 419</p> <p>8.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 419</p> <p>8.3 Outer Space Applications 427</p> <p>8.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 428</p> <p>8.3.2 Solar Cells 430</p> <p>8.3.3 Antenna Reflector 433</p> <p>8.3.4 Polymeric Coating 434</p> <p>8.3.5 Space Suits 439</p> <p>8.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440</p> <p>References 444</p> <p><b>9 Other Environments 455</b></p> <p>9.1 Adhesives 455</p> <p>9.1.1 Lignin 455</p> <p>9.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 456</p> <p>9.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 457</p> <p>9.2 Extreme pH 457</p> <p>9.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 457</p> <p>9.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 458</p> <p>9.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 460</p> <p>9.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 462</p> 9781119851547 | 1119851548 | 9781119851523 | 1119851521

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