000 11619nam a2200949 i 4500
001 6798071
003 IEEE
005 20220712205901.0
006 m o d
007 cr |n|||||||||
008 151222s2014 njua ob 001 eng d
010 _z 2013047869 (print)
020 _a9781118852606
_qelectronic
020 _z9781118542668
_qhardback
024 7 _a10.1002/9781118852606
_2doi
035 _a(CaBNVSL)mat06798071
035 _a(IDAMS)0b000064821b2e75
040 _aCaBNVSL
_beng
_erda
_cCaBNVSL
_dCaBNVSL
050 4 _aTP248.B55
_bA48 2014eb
082 0 0 _a662/.88
_223
100 1 _aAltawell, Najib,
_eauthor.
_928393
245 1 4 _aThe selection process of biomass materials for the production of bio-fuels and co-firing /
_cNajib Altawell.
264 1 _aHoboken, New Jersey :
_bIEEE/Wiley,
_c[2014]
264 2 _a[Piscataqay, New Jersey] :
_bIEEE Xplore,
_c[2014]
300 _a1 PDF (xxi, 351 pages) :
_billustrations.
336 _atext
_2rdacontent
337 _aelectronic
_2isbdmedia
338 _aonline resource
_2rdacarrier
490 1 _aIEEE press series on power engineering
500 _aIncludes index.
504 _aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
505 0 _aPreface xv -- Acknowledgments xvii -- Abbreviations xix -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Why This Book? / 1 -- 1.2 The Book Structure / 2 -- 1.2.1 Introduction / 2 -- 1.2.2 Structure / 3 -- 1.3 Energy Utilization / 5 -- 1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass Utilization / 7 -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass Economy / 7 -- 1.6 Summary / 9 -- References / 10 -- 2 Background 13 -- 2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook / 13 -- 2.1.1 Introduction / 13 -- 2.1.2 Old Graphs / 15 -- 2.2 Wind / 16 -- 2.3 Water / 17 -- 2.4 Geothermal / 17 -- 2.5 Solar / 19 -- 2.5.1 Solar Cells / 20 -- 2.5.2 Solar Water Heating / 20 -- 2.5.3 Solar Furnaces / 20 -- 2.6 Biomass / 21 -- 2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy / 24 -- 2.7.1 Energy Crops / 27 -- 2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops / 29 -- 2.7.3 Biomass Utilization / 30 -- 2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components / 31 -- 2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed / 32 -- 2.7.6 Biomass Energy Infl uencing Factors / 33 -- 2.7.7 Characteristics/Co-fi ring Properties and Testing Method / 35 -- 2.8 Biomass Applications / 36 -- 2.8.1 Bio-fuels / 36 -- 2.8.2 Electricity Generation / 37 -- 2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP / 37 -- 2.8.4 Combustible Gas / 38 -- 2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies / 41 -- 2.9 Co-fi ring / 42 -- 2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing / 43 -- 2.9.2 Additional Challenges for Co-firing / 44 -- 2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing Engineering / 44 -- 2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing / 45 -- 2.10 System Engineering / 46 -- 2.11 Biomass Conversion Systems / 48 -- 2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) / 49 -- 2.13 Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) (U.K.) / 52 -- 2.14 Climate Change Levy Exemption Certificate (LEC) (U.K.) / 52 -- 2.15 Conclusion / 53 -- References / 56 -- 3 Co-firing Issues 61 -- 3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues / 61 -- 3.1.1 Introduction / 61 -- 3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials / 62 -- 3.2 Technical and Hardware Issues / 62 -- 3.3 Milling / 65 -- 3.4 Fuel Mixing / 66 -- 3.5 The Combustion System / 71 -- 3.5.1 Boilers / 71 -- 3.6 By-products / 75.
505 8 _a3.6.1 Ash Formation and Deposition / 75 -- 3.7 Degradation / 76 -- 3.8 Conclusion / 77 -- References / 80 -- 4 Samples 83 -- 4.1 Selected Samples / 83 -- 4.1.1 Introduction / 83 -- 4.2 Samples General Descriptions / 84 -- 4.2.1 The Reference Samples / 84 -- 4.3 Main Samples / 91 -- 4.3.1 Introduction / 91 -- 4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition / 92 -- 4.3.3 Crops and Oil Sources / 93 -- 4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard / 94 -- 4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis / 94 -- 4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect / 95 -- 4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) / 96 -- 4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) / 103 -- 4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) / 108 -- 4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) / 115 -- 4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp.) / 121 -- 4.3.12 Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) / 126 -- 4.3.13 Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) / 134 -- 4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) / 141 -- 4.4 Conclusion / 147 -- 4.4.1 Samples Selection / 148 -- 4.4.2 The Next Step / 150 -- References / 151 -- 5 Methodology: Part 1 161 -- 5.1 Methodology Approach / 161 -- 5.1.1 Introduction / 161 -- 5.2 The Pyramid / 162 -- 5.3 The Decision Tree / 164 -- 5.3.1 Steps for the Biomass Fuel / 164 -- 5.3.2 Three Numbers / 165 -- 5.4 Methodology Terms and Defi nition for BF and S&T / 166 -- 5.4.1 BF / 166 -- 5.4.2 S&T / 166 -- 5.5 BF and S&T Data / 166 -- 5.5.1 Why Are Data for the BF and S&T Needed? / 166 -- 5.5.2 How Are Data for the BF Obtained? / 168 -- 5.5.3 How Are Data for the S&T Obtained? / 170 -- 5.6 Scoring System / 170 -- 5.6.1 The Method / 170 -- 5.6.2 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Positive Mode / 172 -- 5.6.3 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Negative Mode / 172 -- 5.6.4 Boundaries for S&T / 174 -- 5.6.5 Boundaries for BF / 174 -- 5.6.6 Reference Sample Boundaries / 174 -- 5.6.7 Biomass Boundaries / 175 -- 5.6.8 Scoring Plan for BF / 176 -- 5.7 Methodology Survey / 177 -- 5.8 The Survey Method / 178 -- 5.8.1 Aim / 178 -- 5.8.2 Objective / 178 -- 5.8.3 What Is the Survey Looking For? / 178.
505 8 _a5.8.4 Survey Methodology / 178 -- 5.8.5 Mode / 179 -- 5.8.6 Mode Effect / 179 -- 5.8.7 Questionnaire Design / 179 -- 5.8.8 Sample Design / 179 -- 5.8.9 Sample Size / 180 -- 5.8.10 Pretesting and Piloting / 180 -- 5.8.11 Reducing and Dealing with Nonresponse / 180 -- 5.9 Conclusion / 181 -- References / 183 -- 6 Methodology: Part 2 185 -- 6.1 Introduction / 185 -- 6.1.1 Biomass Samples and Methodology / 186 -- 6.2 S&T Values Analysis / 186 -- 6.3 S&T Factor Evaluations / 187 -- 6.3.1 Energy Factor (EF) / 187 -- 6.3.2 Combustion Index Factor (CIF) / 190 -- 6.3.3 Volatile Matter Factor (VMF) / 193 -- 6.3.4 Moisture Factor (MF) / 195 -- 6.3.5 Ash Factor (AF) / 196 -- 6.3.6 Density Factor (DF) / 199 -- 6.3.7 Nitrogen Emission (Nx) Factor (NEF) / 201 -- 6.4 S&T Allocation Results / 203 -- 6.4.1 Introduction / 203 -- 6.4.2 The Priority List / 204 -- 6.5 Conclusion / 206 -- References / 208 -- 7 Methodology: Part 3 211 -- 7.1 BF Percentage Value Selection / 211 -- 7.1.1 Introduction / 211 -- 7.1.2 BF Subjective and Objective Factors / 212 -- 7.1.3 Percentage Allocation for BF / 212 -- 7.1.4 BF Values and Headlines / 213 -- 7.1.5 Biomass Energy Commercialization and BF / 213 -- 7.2 BF Values Analysis / 215 -- 7.3 BF Evaluations / 216 -- 7.3.1 System Factor (SF) / 217 -- 7.3.2 Approach Factor (AF) / 218 -- 7.3.3 Baseline Methodology Factor (BMF) / 219 -- 7.3.4 Business Viability Factor (BVF) / 219 -- 7.3.5 Applicability Factor (APF) / 220 -- 7.3.6 Land and Water Issues Factor (LWIF) / 223 -- 7.3.7 Supply Factor (SUF) / 224 -- 7.3.8 Quality Factor (QF) / 225 -- 7.3.9 Emission Factor / 226 -- 7.4 BF Data / 228 -- 7.4.1 Introduction / 228 -- 7.4.2 The Priority List / 230 -- 7.5 Conclusion / 235 -- References / 237 -- 8 Results: Part 1 239 -- 8.1 Statistical Data and Errors / 239 -- 8.1.1 Introduction / 239 -- 8.2 Methodology Level Value (Boundary Level Scoring Value) / 241 -- 8.3 Calculating Standard Deviation and Relative Error / 242 -- 8.3.1 S&T Factors / 243 -- 8.3.2 Business Factors (BF) / 246.
505 8 _a8.3.3 Methodology Standard Deviation for S&T / 249 -- 8.3.4 Methodology Standard Deviation for BF / 250 -- 8.3.5 Methodology Standard Deviation / 251 -- 8.4 Analysis / 251 -- 8.5 Conclusion / 255 -- References / 257 -- 9 Results: Part 2 259 -- 9.1 Data and Methodology Application / 259 -- 9.1.1 Introduction / 259 -- 9.2 Tests / 260 -- 9.2.1 Experimental Tests / 260 -- 9.3 S&T Samples Data and Reports (Results) / 265 -- 9.3.1 Fossil Fuel / 265 -- 9.3.2 Biomass Materials / 266 -- 9.4 BF Samples Reports Examples (Results) / 277 -- 9.4.1 Coal BF Data (Altawell, GSTF, 2012) / 277 -- 9.4.2 Rapeseed BF Report / 278 -- 9.4.3 Black Sunfl ower Seed BF Report / 278 -- 9.4.4 Niger Seed BF Report / 279 -- 9.4.5 Apple Pruning BF Report / 280 -- 9.4.6 Striped Sunfl ower Seed BF Report / 281 -- 9.5 The Final Biomass Samples / 282 -- 9.5.1 S&T Results / 282 -- 9.5.2 BF Results / 284 -- 9.6 Samples Final Fitness / 285 -- 9.7 Discussion and Analysis / 289 -- 9.8 Conclusion / 294 -- References / 296 -- 10 Economic Factors 297 -- 10.1 Biomass Fuel Economic Factors and SFS / 297 -- 10.1.1 Introduction / 297 -- 10.2 Economic Factors / 298 -- 10.3 Biomass Business / 300 -- 10.3.1 Step 1 / 300 -- 10.3.2 Step 2 / 301 -- 10.3.3 Step 3 / 302 -- 10.3.4 Step 4 / 304 -- 10.4 Biomass Fuel Supply Chain / 305 -- 10.5 The Demand for a New Biomass Fuel / 306 -- 10.6 The SFS Economic Value Scenario / 307 -- 10.7 Discussion / 308 -- 10.8 Conclusion / 310 -- References / 312 -- 11 Conclusion 315 -- 11.1 General Conclusion / 315 -- 11.2 Methodology (REA1) and Applications / 316 -- 11.3 Why Biomass? / 316 -- 11.4 Co-firing and Power Generating / 318 -- 11.5 The New Biomass Fuel (SFS) / 318 -- 11.6 The Future of Co-fi ring and Biomass Energy / 319 -- 11.7 Final Results and Final Conclusion / 320 -- 11.8 Positive Outlook / 320 -- 11.9 What Next? / 321 -- References / 321 -- Index 323.
506 1 _aRestricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.
520 _a"Beginning first with the fundamentals of biofuel and co-firing, this essential resource then moves into coverage of the methodology that assists energy scientists and engineers to arrive at optimal biomass materials that are tailored to each company's business and economic environments. Coverage provides vital, ample, accurate, and detailed data of a number of energy crops and their uses by scientists. The unique approach includes not only technical and scientific factors, but also business factors such as environmental and human health factors for using biofuel and co-firing"--
_cProvided by publisher.
520 _a"This book provides in full detailed examination and analysis for a number of energy crops and their use as a source for generating electricity and for the production of biofuels"--
_cProvided by publisher.
530 _aAlso available in print.
538 _aMode of access: World Wide Web
588 _aDescription based on PDF viewed 12/22/2015.
650 0 _aBiomass chemicals.
_97841
650 0 _aRenewable energy sources.
_94906
655 0 _aElectronic books.
_93294
695 _aAccuracy
695 _aAgriculture
695 _aAsh
695 _aBiological system modeling
695 _aBiomass
695 _aBoilers
695 _aBusiness
695 _aCoal
695 _aCombustion
695 _aCompanies
695 _aCost accounting
695 _aData models
695 _aDecision trees
695 _aEconomics
695 _aElectricity
695 _aFossil fuels
695 _aFuels
695 _aHardware
695 _aHeating
695 _aHydroelectric power generation
695 _aInvestment
695 _aMaterials
695 _aMilling
695 _aProduction
695 _aResource management
695 _aSociology
695 _aStandards
695 _aStatistics
695 _aTesting
695 _aWind energy
695 _aWind turbines
710 2 _aIEEE Xplore (Online Service),
_edistributor.
_928394
710 2 _aWiley,
_epublisher.
_928395
776 0 8 _iPrint version
_z9781118542668
830 0 _aIEEE press series on power engineering
_97125
856 4 2 _3Abstract with links to resource
_uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/bkabstractplus.jsp?bkn=6798071
942 _cEBK
999 _c74350
_d74350